杭州市2014年城区大气污染物浓度变化特征观测分析

为了研究杭州市城区大气污染物的浓度变化特征,本文选取了2014年杭州市环境监测中心站空气质量自动监测站的大气污染物浓度数据,并结合地面气象要素资料进行分析,结果表明,在观测期间,杭州市城区大气中的PM_2.5污染状况最严重,日平均浓度的超标率达30.7%;各污染物全年分布呈现明显的季节变化：O₃浓度呈现与该季节气温和太阳辐射强度在全年中的排列相一致的夏、秋、春和冬季依次递减的分布,NO₂则呈现冬高夏低,春秋介于两者之间的分布,SO₂浓度从高到低依次为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度都呈现出冬高夏季、春秋季变化平缓的季节变化特征;各污染物浓度日变化呈现不同变化规律：O₃和O_x浓度四季的日变化都呈单峰型分布,浓度峰值都出现在13:00～15:00,SO₂也呈现单峰型分布,在09:00～10:00左右达到峰值,于次日04:00左右达到谷值,NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度的日变化特征类似,呈现双峰型变化,且峰值都与早晚高峰时间基本重合,冬季相对于其他季节首峰值时间推迟一小时左右;利用成对样本T检验进行比较,结果表明：NO₂浓度在17:00～次日09:00工作日均明显高于周末,而在09:00～14:00工作日略低于周末,14:00～17:00浓度基本相等,O₃浓度则在工作日的各时刻均高于周末;气象要素是大气污染物分布的重要影响因子,O₃与气温和风速呈极显著正相关关系,与湿度呈极显著负相关关系,NO₂与之相反,SO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀与风速呈现一致的显著负相关关系外,与其他气象要素在不同季节差异性较大,SO₂和PM₁₀与相对湿度呈现极显著负相关关系,CO和PM_2.5与气温和湿度的相关性在不尽相同。     

2016年夏季淮安市大气污染特征及成因分析

根据淮安市2016年6-8月的大气环境监测数据,研究了淮安夏季大气污染特征、成因及应对措施。结果表明：2016年夏季淮安PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、CO、O₃日最大8 h和NO₂的平均浓度分别为38、68、13、847、138和18 μg m_-3,环境空气质量达标率达到67%,首要污染物为O₃和PM。O₃呈现单峰型日变化特征,PM则呈现三峰型。观测期间受偏东和偏南方向气流影响,O₃污染可能是高空高浓度臭氧混合到地面导致,且同时伴随着高浓度的PM污染。盛行风向城市和排放源区污染控制,可以有效降低城市大气污染物浓度。     

上海市2013年以来空气污染物变化特征

根据上海市环境监测中心网站发布的2013年1月?2015年9月上海市空气污染监测结 果，对PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、NO₂、SO₂、CO共6种污染物的变化特征进行了研究.结果表明：上海空气 污染物PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、NO₂、SO₂、CO浓度在逐年降低，显现出近年来上海空气污染治理初见成 效；在每年的12月前后或冬季，PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO浓度最高，在每年的8月前后或夏季浓 度最低；O3浓度在每年的12月或冬季最低，7月前后或夏季最高；PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO与O₃之间的互为消长关系，在很大程度上取决于环境条件.     

贵州六盘水市PM2.5时空分布特征与植被覆盖相关性分析

以2017年PM2.5污染较为严重的贵州六盘水市为研究对象,分析PM2.5的月变化与季变变,探讨PM2.5污染来源与各个因子之间的关系。通过PM2.5与平均气温的相关性分析、PM2.5与平均植被指数的相关性分析,以月、季为时间尺度对六盘水市5的监测点(PM2.5)进行浓度变化分析。得出时间上六盘水市大气中PM2.5浓度变化具有季节性,季平均气温与季平均PM2.5呈负相关,各监测点(PM2.5)在冬季最高,各监测点平均PM2.5浓度达到55.16μg/m_³,夏季最低为22.59μg/m_³。季PM2.5浓度变化与季平均植被指数呈现负相关,植被覆盖的变化对大气PM2.5浓度变化有显著影响,在土地利用类型中耕地与领地的植被指数变化最大,土地利用类型当中的耕地与林地对大气中PM2.5浓度变化有显著影响。     

燃煤电厂锅炉PM2.5现场实测与排放特征研究

采用自设固定源PM_2.5稀释采集系统对陕西省关中地区多个燃煤电厂烟气中的颗粒物开展了现场实测与样品化学源组分分析。结果表明：4个燃煤电厂PM_2.5、PM₁₀占颗粒物比重差异较大（PM_2.5占比范围为6.92%~54.34%,PM₁₀占比范围为36.36%~73.02%）;4个燃煤电厂数浓度水平最高值（2.0×10⁴~4.0×10⁵个/cm³）差异较大,相差约1个数量级;燃煤电厂PM_2.5小粒径段颗粒物质量浓度占比大多较低,但其对PM_2.5数浓度贡献却很大（最小值>95%）,大粒径段颗粒物则相反;煤粉炉PM₁/PM_2.5较大,占比范围为35.29%~51.35%,循环流化床锅炉PM₁/PM_2.5较小,占比范围为16.62%~21.47%;SO₄^2-是燃煤电厂PM_2.5中最丰富的离子成分,各电厂SO₄^2-占总离子浓度比重范围为50.02~65.52%,Na⁺和Ca²⁺位于第2或第3位;各燃煤电厂主要检出无机元素是Si、Al、Ca、Na、Fe、Na等地壳元素;燃煤电厂PM_2.5、PM₁₀和颗粒物的排放因子范围分别为0.001~0.028 kg/t、0.002~0.086 kg/t、0.003~0.236 kg/t;除尘设施组合越复杂先进,排放因子就可能越小。     

某地区PM2.5与居民呼吸系统疾病及恶性肿瘤死亡的时间序列研究

目的 基于广义相加模型定量分析某地级市大气污染物PM_2.5与居民呼吸系统疾病及恶性肿瘤死亡风险的相关性。方法 收集2016~2018年该地级市逐日PM_2.5浓度数据、气象数据、居民呼吸系统疾病及恶性肿瘤死亡数据，进行描述性统计分析；采用基于Quasi-Poisson回归的广义相加模型（GAM），分析PM_2.5与该市居民呼吸系统疾病和恶性肿瘤死亡风险间的相关关系。结果 2016~2018年该地级市大气PM_2.5日均值为49 μg/m³，共有631 d超出《环境空气质量标准》GB3095-2012污染物浓度一级限值标准，占三年总天数的57.6%；广义相加模型滞后效应（Lag0~Lag7）显示，PM_2.5浓度升高10 μg/m³，呼吸系统疾病死亡率在滞后5 d的影响最大(ER=0.699%（95%CI：0.121%~1.277%）)，恶性肿瘤死亡率在滞后3 d时的影响最大(ER=0.443%（95%CI：0.013%~0.873%）)；寒季（11月~4月）期间，PM_2.5浓度升高10 μg/m³，呼吸系统疾病死亡率在滞后6 d的影响最大(ER=0.952%（95%CI：0.269%~1.635%）)，恶性肿瘤死亡率在滞后1 d时的影响最大(ER=0.819%（95%CI：0.177%~1.461%）)。结论 该地级市PM_2.5浓度升高会引起呼吸系统疾病和恶性肿瘤死亡率增加，特别是在寒季，PM_2.5暴露对呼吸系统疾病的负性效应更显著。     

中国人为源颗粒物排放模型及2001年排放清单估算

颗粒物是影响我国城市空气质量的主要污染物, 且细颗粒物对区域和全球环境系统具有重要影响.了解颗粒物的源排放量及排放特征, 对开展颗粒物研究具有重要意义.文中按经济部门、燃料类型和技术类型对颗粒物排放源进行分类, 建立了一个基于技术的、自下而上的排放模型, 并利用该模型计算出2001年全国主要人为源共向大气排放TSP （总悬浮颗粒物） 2.651×10⁷t, PM₁₀（可吸入颗粒物） 1.712×10⁷t, PM_2.5（细颗粒物）1.210×10⁷t.水泥生产、生物质燃料和燃煤源是最主要的PM2.5排放源, 分别占PM2.5排放总量的35%，26%和20%.颗粒物排放的地区分布极不平衡, 主要集中在东部地区.排放量最大的5个省份为山东、河北、江苏、河南和广东.进一步将排放分配到0.5°×0.5°的网格, 从而为区域大气污染模拟研究提供基础数据.     

重污染小时工业源对空气质量影响模拟研究

利用CALPUFF模型,结合济南市大气环境监测数据和气象观测资料,模拟分析济南市东部老工业区重点工业源在7个重污染小时下对环境空气质量的影响。结果表明：东部老工业区重点工业源对济南市环境空气例行监测点位NO₂、SO₂和PM₁₀的占标率和贡献率均较小,不足3%,且随气象条件变化不明显。说明在重污染小时下,大气边界层高度较低,污染物不易达到近地面,其对近地面一次性大气污染物的影响较小。从污染物类别上看,重点工业高架点源对近地面NO₂和SO₂的影响较大,对近地面PM₁₀的浓度影响较小,说明近地面一次性大气污染物主要通过气态污染物传输。在重污染小时条件下,重点工业高架点源主要影响济南市建成区的中部和东部。     

小波变换在大气污染物时间序列分析中的应用

以西安市PM10日平均浓度时间序列为例，根据小波分析的基本原理，应用小波变换的时频局部化功能，对大气污染物时间序列的变化进行了分析，清楚地给出了大气污染物的年变化趋势及突变特征。这些特征对大气污染物的治理、预报和控制具有十分重要的实际意义。研究结果表明，将小波变换应用于大气污染物时间序列的分析是可行的。     

基于HYSPLIT模型的衡阳市大气PM2.5潜在源分析

为查明外来输送对衡阳市大气PM_2.5的影响,基于2015年3月至2018年2月衡阳市PM_2.5质量浓度数据和GDAS气象数据,利用HYSPLIT模型的后向轨迹模式,结合聚类分析,潜在源分析(PSCF)和浓度权重分析(CWT),对衡阳市不同季节PM_2.5外来输送通道及潜在源分布进行分析。研究结果表明:在春、秋、冬三季,途经湘赣交界处、湘东地区输送至衡阳的气团输送路径衡阳PM_2.5外来输送的通道方向,且贡献较大,而源自鄂豫交界处,贯穿鄂、经湘东北输送至衡阳的气团输送路径虽然也是衡阳市PM_2.5外来输送的通道方向,但贡献较小。来自豫皖交界,途径鄂东,湘东北的气团输送路径为夏季的PM_2.5外来输送通道方向。湘东北、湘南、湘东、赣西、鄂中南及豫南地区为春、秋、冬三季衡阳市PM_2.5外来输送的主要潜在源区,其中湘东北、湘南、湘东、赣西地区为高浓度贡献潜在源区;而湘东北及鄂中南地区为夏季PM_2.5外来输送的主要潜在源区,其中湘东北为高浓度贡献潜在源区。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.