Transformation: a tool for studying fungal pathogens of plants

Plant diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi continuously threaten the sustainability of global crop production. An effective way to study the disease-causing mechanisms of these organisms is to disrupt their genes, in both a targeted and random manner, so as to isolate mutants exhibiting altered virulence. Although a number of techniques have been employed for such an analysis, those based on transformation are by far the most commonly used. In filamentous fungi, the introduction of DNA by transformation typically results in either the heterologous (illegitimate) integration or the homologous integration of the transforming DNA into the target genome. Homologous integration permits a targeted gene disruption by replacing the wild-type allele on the genome with a mutant allele on transforming DNA. This process has been widely used to determine the role of newly isolated fungal genes in pathogenicity. The heterologous integration of transforming DNA causes a random process of gene disruption (insertional mutagenesis) and has led to the isolation of many fungal mutants defective in pathogenicity. A big advantage of insertional mutagenesis over the more traditional chemical or radiation mutagenesis procedures is that the mutated gene is tagged by transforming DNA and can subsequently be cloned using the transforming DNA. The application of various transformation-based techniques for fungal gene manipulation and how they have increased our understanding and appreciation of some of the most serious plant pathogenic fungi are discussed. Received 9 May 2001; received after revision 2 July 2001; accepted 3 July 2001     

乙酰氨基己酸锌的急性毒性试验和Ames实验

目的与方法:本文研究乙酰氨基己酸锌对小鼠的急性毒性作用以及用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌突变株的回复突变性检测乙酰氨基己酸锌是否具有致突变性.结果与讨论:结果表明,乙酰氨基己酸锌的小鼠腹腔注射的半数致死量LD50=364.69mg/kg;在加与不加S9的条件下,对TA97,TA98,TA100和TA102的致突变作用为阴性.     

L-缬氨酸生产菌的选育及基于遗传算法的发酵培养基优化

采用以黄色短杆菌TV10为出发菌株,经紫外线、硫酸二乙酯逐级诱变处理,在含磺胺胍(SG)、α-氨基丁酸(α-AB)、2-噻唑丙氨酸(2-TA)结构类似物平板上定向筛选,获得L-缬氨酸高产菌株TV230。运用遗传算法,对L-缬氨酸发酵培养基的优化进行了研究,用10组实验完成了8因素20水平的优化任务。实验结果表明,采用优化后的发酵培养基能使缬氨酸的产量提高19.4%。     

植酸酶高产菌株的选育

从土壤中分离到1株植酸酶高产菌株Pe0,初步鉴定为米曲霉.为了提高植酸酶活力,对Pe0菌株分别进行紫外线和亚硝基胍诱变处理,经初筛、复筛、遗传稳定性能检测,得到1株酶活相对较高、性状相对稳定的菌株Pe2#,酶活稳定在10.66U/mL,较原始菌株提高到3.34倍.另对其发酵条件进行优化,确定最适接种量为4%,最适pH为5.5,最适培养时间为6.5d.在此基础上进行培养基正交优化,结果表明:葡萄糖质量浓度为25g/L,蛋白胨质量浓度为4g/L,(NH4)2SO4质量浓度为2g/L,MgSO4.7H2O质量浓度为0.1g/L时所得菌株产酶活力最高.     

氯化锂-紫外-微波复合诱变红霉素高产菌株的研究

以红霉素链霉菌为出发菌株进行诱变、选育高产菌株．探讨了氯化锂、紫外、微波3种诱变方式对红霉素链霉菌的影响,根据后代的存活率和突变率选定合适的诱变条件．结果表明,将这3种诱变方式结合起来可获得较高的正突变率,达到了40．6％．筛选得到诱变菌株W-12,该菌株效价比初始菌株提高了11％,达到了良好的筛选效果．     

雨生红球藻对紫外光处理的响应及高产藻株的选育

用紫外线连续两代诱变雨生红球藻出发株HP-IS,经筛选获得两个突变品种系HP-M1-1和HP-M3-1,与出发株相比,两个突变株的营养细胞个体较大,周质空间较宽,形成的大孢子较多。两个突变株生长速率较出发株的提高8.2%～11.8%。是青素累积能力明显增强,培养25天时的是青素累积量分别为35.28mg/L和38.05mg/L,比出发株的高75.5%～89.3%。     

GHRP-scu-PA-32K突变体的构建、表达及纯化产物的部分性质研究

在scu-PA-32K的cDNA分子基础上经定点突变,在N端紧接Leu¹之前引入编码GHRP四肽的寡核苷酸序列(GGTCATAGGCCT),构建了GHRP-scu-PA-32K的突变体cDNA。将它克隆到表达载体pCM-βneo中,与pCMβ-dhfr共转染CHO/DHFR-细胞。筛选到的稳定表达株在无血清培养基的表达量为580IU/(106细胞·24h)。经锌离子螯合亲和柱纯化的产物,SDS-PAGE显示为单一蛋白条带,分子量为33kD,质谱法测定分子量也为33kD。经血纤维蛋白平板法测定比活为150000IU/mg蛋白。对血纤维蛋白的亲和性,突变体为scu-PA-32K的4.5倍。     

细胞色素P450 配体通道的研究进展

细胞色素P450 (CYP)是一类含亚铁血红素的酶, 不但能催化内源性底物的生物合成和代谢, 而且对外源性化合物的代谢、激活以及降解毒性等起着重要作用. P450 也是人体内最主要的药物代谢酶, 能催化代谢约75%的临床药物. 已有的P450 酶晶体结构显示, 绝大多数酶呈现闭合的构象, 其催化活性位点位于血红素上方且深埋于蛋白质的中心, 没有明显的通道用于配体进出活性中心. 因此一个有趣而重要的问题是, 配体如何进出酶的活性中心达到被氧化或发生抑制作用? 近年来, 关于P450 酶配体通道的研究取得了显著进展. 本文重点综述了通道研究的实验方法及6 类P450 酶可能存在的通道和作用机制, 并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

一株耐高温L-乳酸高产菌的选育及其发酵特征

对鼠李糖乳杆菌菌株Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM1553进行紫外诱变,选育得到一株耐高温L-乳酸高产突变菌GX-6.在47℃,分别以葡萄糖和木薯淀粉为底物,研究GX-6菌株发酵生产L-乳酸的情况并考察GX-6菌株的遗传稳定性.结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物时,发酵56h的L-乳酸产量达到117g/L,...     

A链链内二硫键移位突变胰岛素原的构建与表达

采用定点突变技术,将人胰岛素原基因编码框中A11位氨基酸残基与A12位氨基酸残基进行了互换,构建了[CysA11Ser,SerA12Cys]人胰岛素原突变基因.在大肠杆菌原核表达系统中对突变体基因进行了表达,并对表达产物进行了变复性研究及初步的分离纯化,获得了具有稳定结构的突变体蛋白质,探讨了突变体A链链内二硫键的形成状况,为进一步深入揭示A链链内二硫键的角色与功能打下了基础.