X射线荧光光谱法测定海底钴结壳的方法研究

采用粉末压片制样,X-射线荧光光谱法直接测定钴结壳中Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Si、Al、Ca、K、Na、Ti、P、Mg、Cu、Pb、Mo、Sr、V、Zn、Zr、Y、Ba等元素。重点讨论用熔融法定值部分样品,然后用加以定值的钴结壳标准及样品、国家岩石、土壤、水系沉积物系列标准用粉末压片制样,做工作曲线,一次测量钴结壳中二十余种元素,并用定值样品做精密度与准确度试验,各元素统计结果为RSD％（n=12）除V的RSD〈4％外,其余元素的RSD均小于2％,测定结果与标准值和ICP-MS测量值相符。     

岩石风化程度对土岩双元基坑变形的影响

土岩双元基坑是指开挖深度范围内,上部为土层,下部为岩层的基坑。由于下部岩层的力学性质与土层差异较大,因此传统纯土体的一元结构基坑相关理论与经验对该类基坑的适用性较差。本文利用FLAC3D有限差分软件,建立不同岩石风化程度的土岩组合基坑计算模型,研究不同岩石风化情况下土岩双元基坑的变形规律,并用连续-离散耦合模型模拟土+破碎岩石基坑失稳过程。结果表明：若岩层完整,最大水平位移出现在土层中,岩层中水平位移很小;若岩层为破碎状,最大水平位移有可能出现在岩层中;岩层中的粘土夹层也可能是基坑最大变形出现的部位;破碎岩石内部的破坏是同土层同步发育的,最终二者一起发生整体滑移破坏。了解基坑的变形规律,有助于针对性地采取加固措施,对破坏区域的细观研究为基坑支护设计提供了依据。     

基于三维荧光光谱和主成分分析的溢油风化研究

通过开展风化模拟实验,探讨了油品三维荧光光谱特征的风化变化规律.将油样三维荧光光谱转化为矢量,计算特征峰强度比值,并对矢量数据进行主成分分析.分析了不同风化时间光谱数据、特征峰强度比值和主成分分析因子得分的变化.结果表明,风化过程不会改变油样三维荧光光谱的分布特征,但能改变荧光特征峰的相对强度,变化趋势与特征峰的位置有关.特征峰强度比值和第一主成分因子得分的变化分为水面、水下2个阶段,可能与风化机理不同有关.溢油源鉴定中,可以综合使用荧光特征峰比值、第一主成分因子得分2个参数,作为油样风化程度的判定依据.     

Ti微合金化450～550 MPa级耐候钢组织性能研究

设计了屈服强度达450～550 MPa级高强耐候钢化学成分,在实验室进行冶炼和热轧试验,测试和观察了试验钢的力学性能和显微组织,分析了 Ti含量对Ti微合金化耐候钢性能的影响.结果表明,试验钢的金相组织主要为在多边形铁素体基体上分布少量的珠光体;Ti微合金化耐候钢具有足够的强度和塑性,随着w(Ti)从0.025%增加到0.07%,试验钢的屈服强度从360 MPa增加到550 MPa;采用传统控轧控冷工艺可生产出屈服强度达450～550 MPa级高强耐候钢.     

Flaking and degradation of polyurethane coatings after 2 years of outdoor exposure in Lhasa

The exposure of a high gloss polyurethane aircraft topcoat system with polyurethane intermediate coating and epoxy primer to strong ultraviolet radiation in Lhasa, Tibet was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Micro-flakes were found to form on the topcoat surface after exposure and the size and quantity of the flakes increased with the increase of the exposure time. The magnitude of micro-bulges and the topcoat roughness increased after a long exposure to sunlight. Flakes and micro-bulges resulted in the loss of the topcoat gloss. ATR-FTIR and XPS analysis indicated that chain scissions of the polyurea C==O group and the polyurethane C―O―C and CO―NH groups occurred, and the degradation products of NH and carbonyl groups formed due to the exposure. The breaking of the chemical structure of the polyurethane resulted in a decrease in its elasticity and in the adhesion of the flakes to its surface.     

Partial melting of the dry mafic continental crust: Implications for petrogenesis of C-type adakites

C-type adakites have been commonly considered as a result of partial melting of the mafic lower continental crust (LCC) at high pressure, as supported by high P-T experiments on hydrous basalts. However, because the mafic eclogitic LCC is generally dry, experiments on water-bearing materials cannot be used to constrain the melting processes of the dry mafic LCC. Due to the lack of systematic melting experimental studies on dry mafic rocks at crustal pressures, MELTs software was applied to simulating melting of the dry mafic LCC at 1–2 GPa. Comparison of model results with experimental data indicates that, when melting degree is greater than 20%, melts from the dry mafic LCC at 1–3 GPa cannot produce the C-type adakitic melt with high SiO₂ content (~70%). Although the limited experimental results about dry mafic rock melting at 1–2 GPa in the literature suggest that low degree melting (<10%) cannot produce silicic melt either, MELTs software simulation shows that, at pressure >1.8 GPa, low-degree melting can produce dacitic melt with high K₂O/Na₂O (~1) if SiO₂ content of the melt is controlled by residual garnet. Furthermore, the simulation also suggests that, if pressure is <1.8 GPa, abundant plagioclase (plg) in the residual phase may decrease SiO₂ content in the melt to below 62%, much lower than that of the C-type adakites observed in eastern China. Given the high P-T conditions required to produce melts with high SiO₂ and extremely low HREE contents, such melts could easily be contaminated by other crustal-derived melts, implying that the C-type adakites from eclogite melting could be less commonly observed in the outcrops than previously believed. Besides the interpretation that garnet fractionates Sr, Y, and REE, high Sr/Y and La/Yb could be also produced by multiple ways such as inheriting the source features and fractional crystallizing clinopyroxene (cpx). Therefore, it may be problematic using high Sr/Y and La/Yb as criteria to identify adakites. Instead, REE patterns with strong depletion of HREE relative to MREE (e.g. high Gd/Yb) could be a better parameter to identify the role of garnet and thus adakites. Finally, geochemical models based on MELTs simulation indicate that Eu anomaly cannot be simply used to constrain the role of plg in magmatism because Eu anomaly in the melt is a function of source characteristics, oxygen fugacity (fO₂) of magmatic systems, and plg/mafic minerals mode ratio.     

赣南花岗岩风化带岩土体强度特征及边坡破坏模式分析

为研究赣南地区花岗岩风化带岩土体强度特性及边坡破坏模式,采用室内岩矿鉴定、X粉晶衍射试验和电镜扫描等方法对原岩和全风化花岗岩进行矿物成分和微观结构分析,同时通过全风化花岗岩三轴固结不排水剪切试验,中风化花岗岩单轴和三轴试验对风化带岩土体的强度特征和破坏模式进行了研究。结果表明:随着围压增大,全风化花岗岩应力-应变关系发生了转型,破坏模式为先鼓胀再剪切破坏;中风化花岗岩在单轴压缩条件下经历了四个破坏阶段,三轴试验得到岩块的抗剪强度参数,经虎克布朗准则反演得到了岩体的强度参数。结合野外特征,赣南花岗岩风化带岩土体边坡失稳破坏模式主要有5种,其中坡面冲刷破坏占比较大。     

“石油无机成因说”的理论与实践

对石油的无机成因理论进行了评述,其中包括地幔脱气论、中地壳与费-托合成说、板块构造与费-托合成说.沥青、原油、干酪根的Pb-Sr-Nd同位素,原油及沥青中高含量的微量元素以及原油中的有机化合物均揭示了原油无机生成的科学依据,这是中国科学家对石油地质学的重大贡献.石油的无机成因理论是可以指导油气勘探的,并以辽宁义县-北票地区、苏南地区、鄂尔多斯盆地伊盟隆起、四川松潘-甘孜褶皱带、柴达木盆地为例讨论了寻找大油气田的可能性.     

河水化学离子成因及影响因素的因子分析探讨

因子分析通过提取影响水化学场形成的主要因素,定量研究流域内岩石风化等对河水化学离子的影响程度,从而对河水溶解质综合分析,反映水化学形成及变化规律。对朝鲜半岛汉江流域前人已发表的数据进行因子分析,研究南北支流水化学的主控因素及其影响程度,结果显示:岩溶作用是汉江流域重要的风化过程,对南北汉江河水溶解质贡献率分别为41.83%和43.15%;硅酸岩类的风化作用较弱,对南北汉江河水溶解质贡献率分别为13.94%和12.12%;人类活动和大气沉降对汉江水化学贡献较大,对南北汉江河水溶解质贡献率分别为29.37%和37.14%。硫酸对南北汉江岩石风化的贡献分别为68%和95%,硝酸参与了南汉江流域的岩石风化。硫酸和硝酸在岩石风化吸收大气CO2中的作用及其对通量计算的影响应引起注意。综合因子得分和总溶解固体浓度有很好相关性,因子分析结果很好地反映了研究区的实际情况。汉江河水离子在空间分布上受地质背景控制,在时间上受降雨等气候变化影响。     

三塘湖盆地卡拉岗组火山岩储层成岩作用*

通过岩芯宏观观察、显微镜下铸体薄片精细观察,讨论了三塘湖盆地卡拉岗组火山岩储层的岩性岩相特征、储集空间发育特征及成岩作用特征,分析了成岩作用类型与孔洞形成机制。结合火山岩岩石化学分析,并依据火山岩成岩变化特征和过程与火山岩储层储集空间形成的相互关系,将三塘湖盆地石炭系火山岩成岩作用归纳为9种类型、4个成岩期或阶段。冷凝结晶固结成岩作用期和埋藏-热液成岩作用期沸石类杏仁体和充填缝是风化壳储层形成的关键物质基础,早期和晚期表生成岩作用期在各类缝的沟通系统内易溶组分的强烈溶蚀作用是风化壳储层形成的关键作用,并由此形成喷发间期风化壳储层和区域构造抬升剥蚀风化壳储层两类风化壳储层。