钙化合物在煤热解过程中的作用

煤热解联产焦炭、焦油和煤气,是煤化工的重要分支。为了提高焦油和煤气的品质及产率,国内外研究了多种催化剂对煤热解过程的影响,大量文献表明,含钙化合物可以催化焦油裂解、提高焦油品质和煤气中高附加值组分(如H2和CO)的产率。本文基于近30年来的文献数据,从钙化合物对煤热解产物的收率、组成以及性质的影响方面展开评述,分析了钙化合物对煤热解过程的作用机理、对S和N迁移的影响,最后提出了需要进一步解决的问题。     

Premixed jet flame characteristics of syngas using OH planar laser induced fluorescence

Lean premixed flame characteristics of several typical low calorific value (LCV) syngases (basis CO/H2/CH4/CO2/N2),including bituminous coal,wood residue,corn core,and wheat straw gasification syngas,were investigated using OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technology.OH radical distributions within the turbulent flame were measured for different turbulence intensities.Flame structures of syngases were analyzed and characterized with respect to burnt and unburnt regions,flame curvature (sharp cusp),local extinction (holes and penetration),OH reaction layer thickness,wrinkling,and other features,with OH-PLIF instantaneous images and statistical analysis.Results show that H2 content,LCV,and turbulence intensity are the most effective factors influencing the OH radical intensity and thickness of OH radical layers.The bituminous coal gasification syngas with relatively higher LCV and H2 content tends to burn out easily.Through changes in thickness of the OH radical layers and signal intensities,the reaction layer can be compressed by intensifying turbulence and thereby the combustion processes of syngas.     

Modern human behaviors during the late stage of the MIS3 and the broad spectrum revolution: Evidence from a Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site

The last glacial period was vital for the distribution and evolution of early modern humans in Asia. The Shuidonggou Late Paleolithic site, dated at 30-20 ka BP, accumulated cultural remains during the important late stage of MIS 3 period in the last glacial. These remains represent characteristics of typical Late Paleolithic conditions in North China:high degree of standardization and morphological variability of tool types, exploitation of bone materials, systematic use of body decorations, extensive use of earth-pit hearths, distinct functional spatial organization within habitations, and conversion of subsistence patterns. These characteristics illustrate early modern human behaviors during the late MIS3 period, and provide clues and perspectives for the analysis of early modern human origins in China. At the same time, the conversion of subsistence patterns is considered to be a combination of multiple early modern human behaviors, as well as the result of the Broad Spectrum Revolution. In this paper, we argue for the dynamic mechanism of Broad Spectrum Revolution from a human behavioral and ecological perspective.     

Flaking and degradation of polyurethane coatings after 2 years of outdoor exposure in Lhasa

The exposure of a high gloss polyurethane aircraft topcoat system with polyurethane intermediate coating and epoxy primer to strong ultraviolet radiation in Lhasa, Tibet was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Micro-flakes were found to form on the topcoat surface after exposure and the size and quantity of the flakes increased with the increase of the exposure time. The magnitude of micro-bulges and the topcoat roughness increased after a long exposure to sunlight. Flakes and micro-bulges resulted in the loss of the topcoat gloss. ATR-FTIR and XPS analysis indicated that chain scissions of the polyurea C==O group and the polyurethane C―O―C and CO―NH groups occurred, and the degradation products of NH and carbonyl groups formed due to the exposure. The breaking of the chemical structure of the polyurethane resulted in a decrease in its elasticity and in the adhesion of the flakes to its surface.     

一种基于扩展有限状态机的自动化测试用例生成方法

扩展有限状态机(EFSM)是使用最广泛的测试模型之一.由于不可行路径的存在,运用EFSM模型生成测试用例仍然是个难题.本文提出了一种基于EFSM模型的自动化测试用例生成方法 (ATGEM).为解决不可行路径问题,首先提出一种基于数据流分析的路径可行性度量方法来预测路径的可行性,以尽可能避开不可行路径,提高测试用例自动化生成的效率.然后通过建立动态可执行模型来获取运行时反馈信息作为搜索算法的适应度函数(fitness function),实现测试数据和预言信息的自动生成.该方法结合静态分析和动态分析技术生成一个较优可行路径子集和对应测试用例来达到指定的覆盖准则,能够应用于多种数据类型的测试用例生成,适用范围较广.通过实验在多个EFSM模型上验证了ATGEM方法中测试用例生成和路径可行性度量方法的有效性,实验结果表明,利用路径可行性度量方法可以大幅度提高测试用例生成效率,与现有方法相比,ATGEM中的测试用例生成方法具有更高的效率.     

基于动态负荷特性的离散动态测试信号建模

通过分析电弧炉和电气化铁路两类典型动态负荷的计量影响特性，建立了能够反映动态负荷特性并符合IEC61850协议的m序列离散动态测试信号模型，在此基础上提出了Hadamand点积非交叠加权累积电能测量算法，以克服测试信号动态变化对电能测量误差的影响；通过仿真实验得出IEC61850协议量化误差导致的动态电能测量误差，结果表明，在长度为255、511和1023工频周期的m序列离散动态测试信号下测量误差可忽略不计。     

我国东北地区黄土堆积的磁性地层年代与古气候变化

我国东北地区有较广泛的黄土分布, 是环境变化的重要地质记录. 长期以来, 由于缺乏可靠的年代学证据, 对这里黄土沉积及其记录的古气候变化了解不多. 在广泛野外踏勘的基础上, 对具有代表性的科尔沁沙地南缘牛样子沟和平安村黄土剖面进行了磁性地层与光释光年代等测试, 结果表明, 牛样子沟剖面的B/M 界限位于深度27 m 处, 平安村剖面处于布容正极性期. 基于光释光年龄和磁性地层年代计算的黄土沉积速率外推, 科尔沁沙地南缘的黄土堆积应早于1.0 Ma. 黄土是半干旱环境下的粉尘堆积, 指示东北地区的半干旱气候至少在早更新世晚期已经开始. 这里黄土开始堆积的年代对应于中更新世全球气候转型, 可能为全球气候变冷驱动了亚洲内陆干旱化和较快粉尘堆积的假说提供了证据.     

Rapid solidification of acoustically levitated Al-Cu-Si eutectic alloy under laser irradiation

Al-27%Cu-5.3%Si ternary eutectic alloy was melted using a YAG laser and then solidified while being acoustically levitated. A maximum undercooling to 195 K (0.24 TL) was achieved with a cooling rate of 76 K/s. The solidification microstructure was composed of (Al+θ+Si) ternary eutectics and (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectics. During acoustic levitation, the (Al+θ+Si) ternary eutectics are refined and the (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectics have morphological diversity. On the surface of the alloys, surface oscillations and acoustic streaming promote the nucleation of the three eutectic phases and expedite the cooling process. This results in the refinement of the ternary eutectic microstructure. During experiments, the reflector decreases with increasing alloy temperature, and the levitation distance always exceeds the resonant distance. Because of the acoustic radiation pressure, the melted alloy was flattened, and deformation increases with increasing sound pressure. The maximum aspect ratio achieved was 6.64, corresponding to a sound pressure of 1.8×104 Pa.     

Silicon-based micro direct methanol fuel cell with an N-inputs-N-outputs anode flow pattern

A micro direct methanol fuel cell(μDMFC) is suitable for use in notebook computers,mobile phones,and other digital products.To resolve the poor mass-transport efficiency problem in the anode flow channel,this paper presents an N-inputs-N-outputs parallel flow pattern with rectangular convexes to reinforce methanol mass transport and reduce concentration polarization.The simulation results show that the N-inputs-N-outputs parallel flow channels with the rectangle convexes improve the performance.μDMFCs,which have four anode flow patterns,are fabricated using MEMS(microelectromechanical systems) technology.The experimental results show that the μDMFC with the rectangle convexes has a performance better than previously reported systems,and has a peak power density of 19.96 mW/cm2.The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.     

Identification of a novel tillering dwarf mutant and fine mapping of the TDDL(T) gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice plant architecture is an important agronomic trait that affects the grain yield. To understand the molecular mechanism that controls plant architecture, a tillering dwarf mutant with darker-green leaves derived from an indica cultivar IR64 treated with EMS is characterized. The mutant, designated as tddl(t), is nonallelic to the known tillering dwarf mutants. It is controlled by one recessive nuclear gene, TDDL(T), and grouped into the dn-type dwarfism according to Takeda’s definition. The dwarfism of ...