明清时期广东地区气候变冷对社会经济发展的影响

通过对比广东15世纪末至19世纪末即LIA期间的气象灾害、战乱、人口发展等几方面的数据,研究了明清时期气候变冷对广东地区社会经济发展的影响,发现这一时期农业生产的衰退、生态环境的恶化、战乱和农民起义的增多、人口发展的减缓以及瘟疫次数的增加,都与气候变冷有明显的相关性.同时指出,气候变冷的各个可能的影响结果之间,又有着密切的联系,它们相互影响,相互作用,严重阻碍了明清时期广东社会经济的正常发展.     

Some evidence of drying trend over northern China from 1951 to 2004

The surface wetness index, Palmer drought sererity index and the retrieval of soil moisture over China were calculated using monthly precipitation and monthly mean surface air temperature. Based on the contrast analysis of the variation of the above three indices and precipitation, the dry/wet spatio-temporal pattern of northern China in the last 54 years was revealed, and the evidence of drying trend over northern China was analyzed, especially. The results show the following four facts: (1) The drying trend is the main characteristic of the eastern part of Northwest China and the central part of North China since the 1980s and it was enhanced in the last 15 years mainly due to the precipitation decrease and the temperature increase; (2) During the last 54 years, there was only one dry/wet shift at the interdecadal scale occurring in the eastern part of Northwest China and the central part of North China in the late 1970s, which was related to 1977/1978 global abrupt change, whereas there were three shifts in Northeast China, one was in the mid 1990s and the other two were in 1965 and 1983, respectively; (3) Unlike the variation trend of other subregions of northern China, the western part of Northwest China is currently located in a relatively wetting period, which is weak-ened due to the temperature increase; (4) The extreme drought frequency is obviously increasing in the eastern part of Northwest China, the central part of North China and Northeast China since the 1980s, which is closely related to the precipitation decrease and temperature increase in these subregions.     

Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years

Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years are the focus of more and more researchers＇ attention. In this paper, both temperature and precipitation time series were found to present a monotonic increasing trend using nonparametric tests. Noticeably, a significant step change in both temperature and precipitation time series occurred in 1986. By contrasting the trends of natural water process in headstream and mainstream, we found that it was anthropogenic activities not climate change that caused the river dried up and vegetation degenerated in the lower reaches of Tarim River. The results of gray correlation analysis show that the runoff of higher latitude distributing river is more closely associated with winter snow stocking, while that of lower latitude is more closely related to summer temperature. Runoff in the headstream is more sensitive to precipitation, while that in the mainstream is more sensitive to evaporation. The strong evaporation caused by increasing temperature weakened runoff to some extent in spite of the fact that precipitation increased over the past 50 years.     

一种改进的相空间近邻等距模式及其在短期气候预测中的试验

现有研究表明,气候要素系统可能存在混沌现象.通过应用混沌理论中的重建相空间技术,可在相空间中揭示出传统方法无法揭示的复杂气候动力特征,为气候预测研究开创一条新途径.现有相空间理论的研究多着重于对混沌系统的识别和应用混沌相空间理论建立不同的模式进行提前预测,这些预测多为对月时间尺度的;对于如何提高预报准确率和延长预报时效,从而实现对多个月份、季、年等更长时间尺度提前预报的研究还不多见.基于混沌理论的相空间近邻等距模式,对该理论中的提前预报时间T、延迟时间τ和相空间维数d等进行讨论.提出,实际应用中根据提前预报时间T来建立新的时间序列,满足T=τ=sδt,消除了相空间时滞τ的变化对提前预报时间尺度T的影响.应用改进前、后的预报模式,以不同相空间维数d对气温和降水气候要素做提前T=1~15个月的预报试验和检验.结果发现,改进后的模式提高了预报准确率,延长了预报时效.     

云南楚雄市的发展对气候及气象灾害的影响

以楚雄市气象站1978～2000年的气候资料作为城市气候资料，以楚雄市西郊的南华气象站1978～2000年的气候资料作为郊区气候资料进行对比分析，探讨楚雄市城市的发展对气候及气象灾害的影响，并揭示其变化规律。结果表明，进入20世纪80年代以来，楚雄市热岛效应和干岛效应日趋明显，随着楚雄城市的发展扩大，城区的气温逐渐升高，湿度逐渐减少，降水呈递增趋势，风速呈递减趋势。楚雄市城市发展对主要灾害性天气的影响表现为，城市的暴雨日数呈增多的趋势；大风发生次数逐渐减小，霜冻日数楚雄市区比郊区南华少，且随着城市的发展呈递减趋势。     

气候变化与气象灾害

回顾了国际上气候变暖背景下极端天气和气候事件研究的基本成果，重点讨论了我国旱灾、暴雨洪灾，高温热浪、霜冻、低温冷害和沙尘暴等气象灾害的变化特点。指出：在过去50多年气候明显变暖的背景下，华南，西北东部和东北东部随着降水量的减少，降水日数也显著减少，干旱化倾向十分明显；长江流域的强降水过程明显趋于增多，发生洪涝灾害的频率也趋于增加。气候变暖最显著的影响之一是无霜期显著增加。虽然在过去50多年中我国沙尘暴发生频率和范围总体趋于减少，但由于持续干旱的影响，使得1998年以来又出现沙尘暴增加的势头。     

全球气候变化对中国自然灾害的可能影响

随着人口增多和社会经济的发展，全球CO2、CH4、N2O等气体的排放增加所引起的温室效应，预期本世纪的全球变暖较20世纪更为强烈．讨论了全球气候变化及其对中国自然灾害的可能影响．结果表明，本世纪全球气候进一步变暖将可能导致我国北方干旱趋势仍将延续．南方雨量增加特别是暴雨和台风的增加，会使洪涝灾害扩大加剧．沿海地区由于海平面上升，海岸带灾害主要是风暴潮呈现加剧趋势、农林病虫害、滑坡与泥石流、水土流失与土壤侵蚀灾害也将发展，唯寒冻灾害可能大幅度减轻．面对全球气候变化，我国政府及科学界应加强科学研究，积极参与国际合作，采取减轻、防范和适应措施，以减少经济损失．     

黑龙江省气候成因

黑龙江省的气候，是在众多的相关地理要素共同作用下形成的，本文从纬度位置、季风环流和地形因素3个主要方面进行了分析．而且，在分析其对气候形成的影响时，涉及的气候要素主要是气温和降水．纬度位置对气候的影响，主要体现在热量条件上．季风环流从气温和降水两个方面影响黑龙江省气候．地形因素干扰、破坏着上述两种因素所形成的规律，在一定程度上隔断了气候要素经向和纬向的空间地带性分布，从而使气候变得更为复杂。     

天水半湿润山区绿化气候及适生林草区划研究

通过20世纪70~90年代30年气象资料统计分析,建立了天水半湿润山区适生林草区划数学模型;通过量化计算,得出了区内不同区域水、热匹配指标,并进行了适生林草配置的四级农业气候区划,为该区生态环境建设提供了科学依据.     

科技团体创造力评估模型研究

本文依据创造心理学范式,论述了关于科技团体创造力评估模型的理论探索、实证研究和模型建构的问题.所建构模型对于我国各级各类科研管理决策层预测和检验科技团体创造力水平以提高管理科学性,具有一定实用意义.