新疆气候转型及其对全球变化的影响

随着全球变暖趋势的发展，新疆气候也发生着相应转变，主要表现在：气温上升；降水增加；冰川消融；河川径流增加；湖泊水位上升，面积扩大；洪水灾害频繁；沙土暴天气减少；土壤盐渍化趋势加重等。气候转型的原因可能是，空气中水汽增加和有利的天气形势；全球显变暖驱动水循环加快。     

气候变化对森林的影响与多尺度适应性管理研究进展

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体和全球气候系统的重要组成部分,对调节全球碳平衡和减缓气候变化具有不可替代的作用。目前的研究表明,气候变化已经对全球各类森林产生了不同程度的影响,而且全球气候变暖的加剧将对森林产生毁灭性的影响。森林管理是一项缓解气候变化影响的关键因子,为应对全球气候变化,森林经营管理必须做出相应的调整以适应和减轻气候变化的消极影响。本文系统总结了全球气候变化对森林及树木分布、生理生态和物候、森林生产力、碳循环、生物多样性、森林水文、森林灾害等产生的现实和潜在的影响,并针对气候变化下的可能影响,从基因、物种、森林生态系统、流域和生物圈多个尺度阐述了适应性管理的对策,以提高各生命系统适应气候变化的能力,实现森林的可持续经营和生物圈的可持续发展。     

进入21世纪的气候变化科学--气候变化的事实、影响与对策

近百年来，地球气候正经历一次以全球变暖为主要特征的显著变化，我国的气候变化趋势与全球气候变化的总趋势基本一致。近50年的气候变暖主要是人类使用化石燃料排放的大量二氧化碳等温室气体的增温效应造成的。现有的预测表明，未来50-100年全球和我国的气候将继续向变暖的方向发展。国际上，目前《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》正在就如何减缓这种气候变暖的趋势和控制温室气体排放进行谈判。本文依据IPCC第三次评估报告与国内外最新的研究成果，说明气候变化的事实与未来的可能变化，阐述冰冻圈对气候变化的响应，进而说明气候变化对生态系统和社会经济的影响，分析气候变化给我国带来的挑战和机遇并提出对策建议。     

全球气候变暖对我国西南地区气候及旅游业的影响

全球气候变化带来的影响是全方位的，正受到越来越广泛的关注．目前关于全球气候变化对旅游业影响的研究还很少．本文概述我国西南地区在全球气候变化背景下气候变化趋势的研究成果，总结气候变化将给西南地区自然资源和经济产生的影响，在此基础上阐述气候变化将对未来西南地区旅游业的影响，并为未来西南地区旅游业适应气候变化、健康发展提出建议．     

全球气候变暖的成因与影响

全球气候变化是21世纪人类社会面临的巨大挑战．作者阐述了全球变暖是气候变化的主要特征，对造成气候变暖的自然原因和人类原因进行讨论．探讨气候变暖对自然灾害、水资源、农业生产、生物种类、疾病发生、海平面变化等所产生的影响．     

全球气候变暖对泉州的影响与对策

全球气候变暖对泉州产生以下影响:海平面上升,海岸带灾害加剧;农林生物灾害增加;极端天气、气候灾害增加;能源消耗大增.合理开发利用绿色能源,提高能源效率,保护森林资源是泉州控制气候变暖的主要对策.     

全球变暖是天灾还是人祸?——访北京市气象局研究员吴正华

在欧洲、美国等地,去冬气温一路走高、屡破纪录;在我国,大家对刚刚过去的暖冬还记忆犹新。在全球持续变暖的背景下,2月2日,联合国政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)在法国巴黎发布了第四份全球气候变化评估报告,“灯火之都”巴黎的标志性建筑埃菲尔铁塔熄灯5分钟,以呼应此评估报告的发表,向世界展示欧洲对全球变暖的关注。我国气候变暖也成了老百姓关心的热门话题:全球变暖是天灾,还是人祸?中国的气候变化有何特征?气候变暖将带来哪些威胁?我们应该如何应对?为此,记者专访了北京市气象局研究员吴正华。     

科学认识与应对农业干旱

干旱是一个全球性问题，人类面临的第一个生态问题就是水分不足。旱灾所造成的农业损失约相当于各种气象灾害总和的60％。随着全球气候变暖和人类活动的加剧，干旱有明显加重趋势。历史上我国平均每4年遭遇一次重旱，     

世纪性全球海平面变化问题

近百年来全球海平面呈上升趋势，这是一个已得到普遍肯定的结论．近百年来全球海平面上升量为１０～２０ｃｍ，上升平均速率介于１～２ｍｍ／ａ．温室效应和气候变暖是全球海平面上升的主要原因．预计２１世纪全球海平面还将加速上升，上升速率可能达到过去百年平均速率的３～５倍．     

时事·农业部

6月18日，从农业部在京召开的低碳农业研讨会上获悉，农业既是温室气体排放源．也是最易遭受气候变化影响的产业。全球气候变化引发的极端灾害使我国农业生产不稳定性增加．如不采取对应措施。     

全球变化与自然灾害的相互关系

以“区域灾害系统论”和“地球圈层系统理论”为理论依据,以比利时灾后流行病研究中心的紧急灾难数据库（EM—DAT）和德国慕尼黑再保险公司灾害数据库（NatCat）作为主要的数据来源,在重点对本世纪以来的全球变化进程与自然灾害趋势进行初步分析的基础上,对全球变化与自然灾害两者之间的相互关系进行了探讨,结果表明全球变化与自然灾害之间通过动态互馈机制彼此联系、相互作用．最后,本文提出了全球变化背景下应对自然灾害的科学防灾减灾措施。     

Retrospect and prospect: advances and future strategies in climate research

A brief review of the progress in climate research and a prospect on its further development in the 21st century is presented. Some key findings including the concept of climate system, the discovery of climatic multi-equilibrium and abrupt climate changes, and the recognition of human activities as an important force of climate change made breakthroughs in climatology possible during last few decades. The adaptation to climatic and global change emerged as a new aspect of climatic research during the 1990s. Climate research will break through in the observation of the global system, in the analysis of mass data, in the deepening of research on the mechanism of climatic change, and in the improvement of models. In the applied fields of climate research, there will be substantial progress in the research on adaptation to global change and sustainable development, on orderly human activities, and climate modification.     

气候变化对雄安新区城市建设的影响及应对策略

 利用全国近50年气象资料（雄安1974年以来的完整资料）,研究分析了全国尤其是雄安近几十年来的气候变化和气候生态特征。雄安属暖温带半湿润季风气候,气候背景与北京、天津类似。近几十年来,气温、降水等气象要素的变化趋势明显但幅度较弱,年平均气温变化趋势为平均每10年升高0.2℃,高温日数平均每10年增加0.8 d,暴雨日数呈减少趋势,上述要素的变化幅度虽低于全国及周边城市,但均显示出了气候变化对雄安的影响,且极端天气事件也呈增加的趋势,如强降雨重现期缩短,极端强降雨量明显增大等,这与IPCC（联合国气候变化政府间专门委员会）的报告和中国大部地区趋势一致。结合灾害历史资料分析和气候模式预测,指出在全球气候变暖背景下,雄安新区在发展中将面临气候变化背景下增加的气象灾害和气候风险,进而给出了相关城市建设的建议。     

Perspectives on studies on soil carbon stocks and the carbon sequestration potential of China

Soil carbon stocks and sequestration have been given a lot of attention recently in the study of terrestrial ecosystems and global climate change.This review focuses on the progress made on the estimation of the soil carbon stocks of China,and the characterization of carbon dynamics of croplands with regard to climate change,and addresses issues on the mineralization of soil organic carbon in relation to greenhouse gas emissions.By integrating existing research data,China's total soil organic carbon(SOC) st...     

基于气候灾害影响的国际韧性城市建设研究进展

 全球变暖带来的气候灾害已经严重威胁到世界城市与社会的发展,通过韧性城市建设,提升城市应对气候变化的能力,已成为城市发展的新命题。梳理了韧性概念渊源和分类特征,利用Cityspace软件对国内外城市韧性研发数据进行了分析;通过各个典型国家在面对气候灾害时韧性城市体系构建的相关策略和具体实践,分析得出了韧性城市建设发展的关键科学技术问题和相关策略路径;提出了适应中国韧性城市研究与发展的策略与建议。     

东北地区农业适应气候变化技术体系框架研究

 随着气候变化及其所带来的影响日益显著,目前适应气候变化越来越成为全球关注的热点问题。东北地区是中国重要的粮食生产基地,气候变化影响下东北农业生产变化将直接引起中国粮食安全问题。从气候变化角度着手,梳理了气候变化对东北农业影响的关键问题,分析指出近年来气候变化对东北地区农业4个最突出的影响：热量资源呈现增加趋势,旱涝灾害频次与强度增大,极端低温冷害事件下降,农业病虫害损失显著加重。针对这4个关键问题,从作物抗逆品种选育、作物应变耕作栽培、农田基本建设、种植结构调整、病虫害防治、农业保险等不同方面形成东北农业适应技术体系框架。     

Natural interdecadal weakening of East Asian summer monsoon in the late 20th century

Based on the reanalysis data throughout 1948-2002 as derived from the United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research, it is revealed that East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） intensity weakens on an interdecadal timescale since the mid-1960s, and twice interdecadal jumps are recorded in the EASM intensity index series in the late 20th century, respectively occurring in the mid-1960s and mid- to late 1970s. Six globally coupled atmosphere-ocean models＇ outputs under the SRES A2 greenhouse gas and aerosol emission scenario, provided by the IPCC Data Distribution Center and the Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research, are then systematically examined. It follows that the above EASM weakening is not closely related to synchro- nizing anthropogenic global warming, and, therefore, it should be qualitatively natural change process. Over the 21st century, the EASM intensity is likely increased slightly by continually intensified greenhouse effect relative to the late 20th century.     

Global vegetation change analysis based on MODIS data in recent twelve years①

Vegetation cover change is critical for understanding impacts and responses of vegetation to climate change. A study found that vegetation in the regions between 45°N-70°N was increasing using normalized difference vegetation index( NDVI) from 1981 to 1991 ten years ago. The global vegetation growth has changed because of climate change in recent twelve years( 2001- 2012). After thorough analysis based on satellite data,it is found that it is evident that the global vegetation changed( NDVI) little,and it is increasing slightly in Northern hemisphere while it is decreasing slightly in Southern Hemisphere. For different latitudes,vegetation is increasing 0.17% every year from 60°N to 70 °N( R~2= 0.47,P 0.013),while the vegetation is decreasing 0.11% every year from 10°N to 10° S( R~2= 0.54,P 0.004). For different continents,the vegetation in South America is decreasing 0.16% every year( R~2= 0.78,P 0.0001) and it is increasing 0.05% every year in Asia( R~2= 0.28,P 0.072) and 0.25% every year in Oceania( R~2= 0.24,P 0.1). The analysis of global vegetation in different seasons indicates that spatial distribution of global temperature and water vapor will affect the spatial distribution of vegetation,in turn,the spatial distribution of vegetation will also regulate the global temperature and water vapor spatial distribution at large scale. The growth and distribution of vegetation are mainly caused by the orbit of the celestial bodies,and a big data model based on gravitational-magmatic change with the solar or the galactic system as its center is proposed to be built for analyzing how the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system affects spatial-temporal variations of global vegetation and temperature at large scale. These findings promise a holistic understanding of the global climate change and potential underlying mechanisms.     

Meta-analysis and its application in global change research

Meta-analysis is a quantitative synthetic research method that statistically integrates results from in- dividual studies to find common trends and differences. With increasing concern over global change, meta-analysis has been rapidly adopted in global change research. Here, we introduce the methodolo- gies, advantages and disadvantages of meta-analysis, and review its application in global climate change research, including the responses of ecosystems to global warming and rising CO2 and O3 concentrations, the effects of land use and management on climate change and the effects of distur- bances on biogeochemistry cycles of ecosystem. Despite limitation and potential misapplication, meta-analysis has been demonstrated to be a much better tool than traditional narrative review in synthesizing results from multiple studies. Several methodological developments for research synthe- sis have not yet been widely used in global climate change researches such as cumulative meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. It is necessary to update the results of meta-analysis on a given topic at regular intervals by including newly published studies. Emphasis should be put on multi-factor interaction and long-term experiments. There is great potential to apply meta-analysis to global climate change research in China because research and observation networks have been established (e.g. ChinaFlux and CERN), which create the need for combining these data and results to provide support for governments’ decision making on climate change. It is expected that meta-analysis will be widely adopted in future climate change research.