机翼表面结冰数值模拟

分别采用欧拉-拉格朗日模型和多孔介质模型建立了空气绕流机翼流动、空气夹带过冷水滴运动和机翼表面冰层增长的数理模型,并进行了数值求解.获得空气绕流机翼流场、空气夹带的过冷水滴运动轨迹、机翼表面过冷水滴的收集系数分布、冰层厚度分布和冰层质量增长情况,并分析了攻角和过冷水滴直径等因素的影响.结果表明:水滴收集系数随着攻角和水滴平均直径的增大而增大;冰层覆盖整个机翼的前半部上下表面,以驻点附近最为集中,随时间增长而愈严重;随着功角增大,下表面积冰加重;但当攻角为15°时,总体结冰量却较之低攻角时减小.     

云雾场多尺度水滴和冰晶粒子的脉冲激光后向散射特性

为研究云层中冰晶和水滴粒子的尺度、散射等光学特性对飞行结冰的影响，该文基于联合散射理论，建立多尺度水滴和冰晶粒子的激光后向散射模型，分析了水滴与冰晶粒子的光学特性对后向散射的影响。结合工程应用模拟云雾场实验环境，测试不同粒子浓度下的1.064μm和0.532μm激光后向散射。结果表明，随着云粒子浓度增加，云层后向散射发光强度增大，实测数据与理论数据最大误差不高于7%。0.532μm波长激光的后向散射功率明显高于1.064μm波长激光，云雾场后向散射与粒子浓度几乎呈线性增长，并且冰云的后向散射系数普遍高于水云，差异可达到2～30倍。     

电视云图怎样看?

卫星云图是通过气象卫星上的扫描辐射仪等仪器观测到的,主要分为可见光云国和红外云图两种。电视上看到的是可见光云图。云图的颜色、形状和结构不同,反映着一定的天气系统、云的高低、云层的厚薄、云中冰晶与水滴含量、降水的性质等。高云多为冰晶组成,反射强,拍摄的云图多为白色,薄而稀疏;中云多为水滴、冰晶混合物,云图则呈浅灰色,较为密和均匀;低云多为水滴组成,云图呈现暗灰色,浓而厚,有时呈起伏团块状。这种,可根据云图的颜色分辨出同一云团由几种云组成。如果是中低云覆盖,就会是阴天,还有可能降水。云图的形状,反映一定的天气影响     

单个水滴蒸发过冷过程的特性分析

为分析单个水滴在低温、低湿空气中的运动和蒸发特性,建立了描述整个传热传质及运动过程的数学模型,并通过对悬挂水滴的蒸发冷却实验验证了该模型的有效性.通过模拟计算获得了水滴温度、直径、速度和运动轨迹的变化规律,以及水滴初始参数和空气速度对制冰效率的影响.结果表明,水滴在某一喷射角度下,直径越小,同样的下落高度水滴水平飞行的距离越短,而相应的速度衰减则越快,同时水滴蒸发过冷所需的时间越短.另外,水滴初始温度越低和逆流空气速度越高,在很短的下落高度内,水滴就实现了过冷,而水滴直径的变化量随着初始水温和空气流速的增大而增大,因此对雾化水滴进行预冷却不仅可提高系统制冰效率,还能减少水滴的蒸发损失.     

过冷度影响海水结冰形状与速度的相场模拟

为了研究船舶结构结冰的微观机理,进行了模拟计算.基于Wheeler相场模型,使用有限差分法,对不同过冷度下海水凝固形状进行模拟.在模拟过程中,将海水视为盐和纯水的二元混合物,通过设置冰物理参数和引入晶核方式保证了冰晶生长的真实性.计算时,设置4个晶核模拟冰晶生长,讨论不同过冷度对冰晶生长的影响.结果表明:冰晶生长速度随过冷度增加而增加,且与过冷度变化呈线性关系.当无量纲过冷度小于0.85时,枝晶仅有少量分枝,且枝干较细.当无量纲过冷度大于0.85时,冰晶出现二级以上的多级分枝,且枝干明显变粗.当无量纲过冷度达到1.0时,分枝受到主枝挤压而减少,晶核之间最终被填满.     

相场法模拟冰晶生长的参数优化

水溶液冻结过程生成的冰晶是低温保存中造成细胞损伤的主要原因.研究如何降低冰晶形成和生长过程对细胞伤害的方法,是低温生物研究的重要课题.本文采用国内外描述相变微观结构的相场模型,将体系视为水和溶质二元系统,研究了界面厚度尺度、各向异性强度和过冷度对结晶过程冰晶生长的影响.结果表明:界面厚度影响模拟结果,为了获得可靠的计算结果,界面厚度参数取值为3.00dx;各向异性系数大小对冰晶形貌有很大影响,取值越大,冰晶的二次分枝越发达,且尖端速度波动的幅值越大,各向异性系数取值范围0.010~0.025;过冷度明显影响冰晶的生长和形貌,过冷度大,冰晶生长速度加快,二次分枝发达,形貌变化较大,固相率也随之变大.参数优化结果为:界面厚度尺度等于3.00dx,各向异性系数等于0.023,过冷度等于20K的模拟结果与低温显微镜下观察到的冰晶生长形貌试验结果相吻合.     

采用基本环境参数的导线覆冰预测方法

风速、温度、空气中液态水含量和水滴中值体积直径等4项参数是影响导线覆冰的主要环境参数。根据空气中水滴运动、碰撞和冻结进而形成导线覆冰的过程，基于流体力学和热平衡建立了“四参数”导线覆冰模型，通过数值计算详细分析了各个环境参数对导线覆冰增长速率的影响特性，并结合线路实际监测数据分析并拟合了液态水含量和水滴中值体积直径的经验公式，进而建立基于基本环境参数（一般传感器可获得的环境参数）的导线覆冰预测模型。研究结果表明：水滴中值体积直径对导线覆冰速率的影响具有饱和特性，空气中液态水含量的变化和风速、温度和湿度具有一定相关性。研究结论为输电线路覆冰预测、预警工作提供了理论参考。     

利用云雷达反演层状云空气垂直速度及微物理参数的个例研究

为了研究层状云内空气垂直运动特征,深入了解层状云微物理性质,通过雷达功率谱估算层状云内空气垂直运动速度反演得到了层状云的微物理参数值。利用雷达实测反射率分布与反演的反射率谱分布的对比分析,验证了反 演结果的合理性。研究结果表明：对受湍流影响较小的层状云,利用毫米波雷达的功率谱数据能够比较准确的反演空气的垂直运动及层状云的微物理参数值。     

94 GHz频率下冰晶粒子多次散射特性的研究

为了认识冰晶粒子群在94 GHz频率下的散射特性,利用互散射、相干Mie散射以及简单叠加法进行研究.结果表明,这3种方法得到的粒子群散射结果明显不同,目前的雷达气象方程使用简单叠加法计算粒子群的散射时不能精确地反演云的微物理特征,如冰水含量及有效半径等.利用3种方法比较了不同位置、不同复折射指数、不同尺度参数以及不同数量的粒子群散射强度特性后发现云的多次散射特性不能被忽略.     

在低过冷度HPLC-6溶液中冰晶生长习性的研究

通过推广冰晶在纯水中的生长理论 ,结合冰晶的空间结构及 HPLC-6分子在冰晶表面的吸附模式 ,计算了在低过冷度条件下 ,冰晶在 HPLC-6溶液中沿 a轴和 c轴两个不同方向的生长速率 ,得到的结果与实验结果符合较好 .     

Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to -37.5 degrees C

In cirrus and orographic wave clouds, highly supercooled water has been observed in small quantities (less than 0.15 g m(-3)). This high degree of supercooling was attributed to the small droplet size and the lack of ice nuclei at the heights of these clouds. For deep convective clouds, which have much larger droplets near their tops and which take in aerosols from near the ground, no such measurements have hitherto been reported. However, satellite data suggest that highly supercooled water (down to -38 degrees C) frequently occurs in vigorous continental convective storms. Here we report in situ measurements in deep convective clouds from an aircraft, showing that most of the condensed water remains liquid down to -37.5 degrees C. The droplets reach a median volume diameter of 17 microm and amount to 1.8 gm(-3), one order of magnitude more than previously reported. At slightly colder temperatures only ice was found, suggesting homogeneous freezing. Because of the poor knowledge of mixed-phase cloud processes, the simulation of clouds using numerical models is difficult at present. Our observations will help to understand these cloud processes, such as rainfall, hail, and cloud electrification, together with their implications for the climate system.     

过冷水雾相变传播及温度场的实验研究

实验表明在过冷水雾相变传播过程中伴随有脉冲型单峰形式的温度上升,相变传播速率约为1．2cm/s,温度的波形和峰值以及相变的传播速度与过冷水雾的初始温度基本无关,据此对过冷水雾冰晶机制作了探讨。     

Simulation study on factors influencing the entrainment behavior of liquid steel as bubbles pass through the steel/slag interface

In this study, a water/silicone oil interface was used to simulate the steel/slag interface in a converter. A high-speed camera was used to record the entrainment process of droplets when air bubbles were passed through the water/silicone oil interface. Motion parameters of the bubbles and droplets were obtained using particle kinematic analysis software, and the entrainment rate of the droplets was calculated. It was found that the entrainment rate decreased from 29.5% to 0 when the viscosity of the silicone oil was increased from 60 mPa·s to 820 mPa·s in the case of bubbles with a 5 mm equivalent diameter passing through the water/silicone oil interface. The results indicate that increasing the viscosity of the silicone oil is conducive to reducing the entrainment rate. The entrainment rate increased from 0 to 136.3% in the case of silicone oil with a viscosity of 60 mPa·s when the equivalent diameter of the bubbles was increased from 3 mm to 7 mm. We therefore conclude that small bubbles are also conductive to reducing the entrainment rate. The force analysis results for the water column indicate that the entrainment rate of droplets is affected by the velocity of the bubble passing through the water/silicone oil interface and that the entrainment rate decreases with the bubble velocity.     

Structural relaxation in supercooled water by time-resolved spectroscopy

Water has many kinetic and thermodynamic properties that exhibit an anomalous dependence on temperature, in particular in the supercooled phase. These anomalies have long been interpreted in terms of underlying structural causes, and their experimental characterization points to the existence of a singularity at a temperature of about 225 K. Further insights into the nature and origin of this singularity might be gained by completely characterizing the structural relaxation in supercooled water. But until now, such a characterization has only been realized in simulations that agree with the predictions of simple mode-coupling theory; unambiguous experimental support for this surprising conclusion is, however, not yet available. Here we report time-resolved optical Kerr effect measurements that unambiguously demonstrate that the structural relaxation of liquid and weakly supercooled water follows the behaviour predicted by simple mode-coupling theory. Our findings thus support the interpretation of the singularity as a purely dynamical transition. That is, the anomalous behaviour of weakly supercooled water can be explained using a fully dynamic model and without needing to invoke a thermodynamic origin. In this regard, water behaves like many other, normal molecular liquids that are fragile glass-formers.     

层状云人工催化物理效应的数值模拟

对于自然云催化过程的数值模拟可以再现人工催化后云的宏微观物理响应特征,有助于提高对人工催化机理的科学认识、优化人工催化方案。本文在WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting Model）模式Thompson微物理方案中加入碘化银人工催化过程,对2018年河北省一次层状云催化过程开展数值研究。数值模拟结果表明,采用与实际催化过程相似的催化剂量,层状云降水个例催化后冰晶含水量、数浓度及地面降水显著增加。该次降水个例自然云中冰相粒子较少,自然云中冰相过程不活跃,数值模拟结果再现了降水个例催化后从过冷却到冰、雪晶含量明显增加的转变。相同催化剂量下,催化层厚度的减少提高了播撒率,进一步优化了催化效果,可见,应该在云中过冷水含量丰富的云区开展冷云催化作业。人工催化过程增加的冰晶通过凝华过程增长并自动转化为雪晶,雪晶增长下落过程中以凇附过冷云水增长为主。本次催化过程导致地面降雪显著增加。     

等效球理论计算冰晶粒子毫米波散射的误差分析

利用4种等效Lorenz-Mie理论以及离散偶极子近似理论(DDA)计算了毫米波频率下卷云中随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的散射特性.对比结果表明:在毫米波频率下,利用等效体积与投影面积比值(V/A)Lorenz-Mie理论计算的结果与DDA的结果最接近,最后利用最小二乘法拟合出误差公式,为等效球理论代替DDA计算复杂的六角形冰晶粒子散射特性提供参考依据.     

过冷大水滴粒径分布的欧拉-拉格朗日混合抽样算法及对冰型影响

过冷大水滴（supercooled large droplet,SLD）云雾环境不同于常规粒径范围的过冷水滴,具有更大的粒径范围和复杂的水滴粒径分布形式,使得结冰的冰型异常复杂,从而给飞行器的飞行安全带来了前所未有的挑战。现有结冰数值模拟方法仅能模拟单一粒径的水滴,无法准确模拟真实SLD云雾环境“双峰分布”的粒径分布特性和相应的冰型。为了准确高效模拟SLD这种粒径分布特性,本文提出了一种基于Rosin-Rammler 分布函数进行欧拉-拉格朗日混合抽样的水滴轨迹模拟算法。通过该方法收集水滴,再利用结冰模型与水膜模型计算表面溢流传热和冰高,从而实现了准确高效的SLD粒径分布的结冰数值模拟,并通过2.5维算例研究了SLD粒径分布对机翼结冰的冰型特征以及冰型空间随机性的影响。结果表明SLD的粒径分布对冰型有较大的影响,冰型特征和冰型随机性与MVD和粒径分布方差紧密关联。     

Single-and multiple-scattering properties of ice crystals in 1.38 μm wavelength and its potential applications in satellite remote sensing

An improved ray-optics theory and Mie theory for single scattering and the adding-dou-bling method for multiple scattering are used to study the relationship between the radiation in the wavelengths of 1.38, 3.979, 6.5, and 11.03 μm and the microphysics of cirrus clouds. It is shown that the strong 1.38 μm water vapor band in the near-IR region is superior to the other three IR channels used in current operational satellites and has potential possibility of remote sensing of microphysical and optical properties of cirrus clouds.