中草药中农药残留检测技术新进展

综述了近年来中草药中农药残留常用的检测技术,如气相色谱、高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用技术、毛细管电泳、免疫分析技术、生物传感器技术等.着重介绍了农药残留分析常用的前处理技术以及新技术,如超声提取、微波辅助提取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、超临界流体萃取、基质固相分散技术、加速溶剂萃取、免疫亲和色谱、分子印迹技术等,并展望了中草药中农药残留测定技术的发展.     

用PGC／MS法鉴定环氧乙烷—环氧丙烷三嵌段共聚物

目的用裂解气相色谱／质谱法（ＰＧＣ／ＭＳ）鉴定环氧乙烷－环氧丙烷三嵌段共聚物．方法用裂解气相色谱（ＰＧＣ）法及裂解气相色谱／质谱（ＰＧＣ／ＭＳ）法分别对聚环氧乙烷、聚环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷－环氧丙烷三嵌段共聚物在合适的色谱及质谱条件下进行分析．结果与结论样品在质谱分析的总离子流图１６．１３ｍｉｎ处给出了聚环氧乙烷、聚环氧丙烷中没有的混杂二聚体,它们是这类三嵌段共聚物在高温下裂解产生的特征峰．并推断了这两种混杂二聚体在质谱中的断裂方式．     

莳萝蒿挥发油化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取莳萝蒿挥发油,通过气相色谱 质谱（GC-MS）联用技术结合各化合物保留指数对其中的化学成分进行鉴定。莳萝蒿挥发油共鉴定出53种化合物,占挥发油色谱峰总面积的90.02%。主要成分及其相对质量分数分别为桉油精（22.48%）、β 侧柏酮（15.16%）、侧柏酮（4.33%）、松香芹酮（4.16%）和左旋龙脑（4.08%）。     

氯磺隆残留检测技术研究进展

本文简要介绍了液相色谱法、气相色谱法、免疫亲和色谱法、生物测定法、同位素示踪法、毛细管电泳法等法检测氯磺隆的研究进展。     

27种有机溶剂的气相色谱同时分析

采用气相色谱一氢火焰离子化检测器（GC-FID）技术,分别使用中性（AC-10、DB-1701）和极性（DB-WAX）石英毛细管柱对27种有机溶剂进行了同时分析。结果表明,AC～10色谱柱的分离效果最好。另外,在对27种有机溶剂色谱分析的基础上,采用内标法初步对密封胶、涂料和油墨样品中常见有机溶剂的含量进行了测定。     

一种新型食品中山梨酸、苯甲酸的气相色谱检测方法

通过对食品前处理方法的改进,采用气相色谱法和新型研制的气相毛细管大口径色谱柱快速测定山梨酸、苯甲酸,使用福立GC9790型气相色谱仪,氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）和SBA-1（25m X 0.53mm X 1.00μm）气相毛细管色谱柱。样品平均回收率为97.26%（n=6）,平均相对标准偏差为1.378%,检测限为1mg/kg。     

SPME/GC联用测定蔬菜中残留有机磷农药的方法研究

建立了固相微萃取（ＳＰＭＥ）与气相色谱（ＧＣ）联用测定蔬菜中残留有机磷农药的方法。该法包括蔬菜样品的预处理、ＳＰＭＥ萃取及气相色谱测定,其灵敏度高、重现性好,且简单易行。方法检测限分别为甲拌磷０．２５ｎｇ／ｇ;二嗪农０．３０ｎｇ／ｇ;甲基对硫磷０．５５ｎｇ／ｇ;乙硫磷０．４０ｎｇ／ｇ。文中还就影响ＳＰＭＥ萃取的诸因素及该法的可行性等作了探讨。     

醛酮类化合物气相色谱保留指数的预测

通过对醛酮类化合物在两种固定相（OV-3、OV-7）两种柱温（205℃、245℃）下的100个样本集的气相色谱保留指数值（RI）与其部分参数关系的研究,发现RI与拓扑指数（mQ）、固定液极性值（CP）及柱温（T）的关系可表示为：RI=1 300.399＋76.163^0Q-15.140^1Q＋1.325T＋26.207CP（R=0.995 0）用留一法（Leave-one-out,LOO）进行交互检验,相关系数RCV=0.990 0,说明所建模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力,能较好地揭示醛酮类化合物气相色谱保留指数RI随固定相极性、柱温的改变而变化的规律.     

甾体雌激素在不同污水处理工艺中的去除规律

采用气相色谱-质谱技术,研究甾体雌激素在4座具有深度处理工艺的污水厂中的去除效果。研究结果表明:4座污水厂的进水中均检出甾体雌激素,雌酮、17β雌二醇和雌三醇的质量浓度为15.1~607.0 ng/L,高于国外污水厂进水中雌激素的平均质量浓度。污水厂对雌酮、雌三醇和乙炔基雌二醇平均去除率为88.1%~97.3%,优于传统的污水处理工艺;生物处理工艺段对甾体雌激素的去除占主导地位,且活性污泥系统对雌激素的去除效果优于生物膜系统。沉淀预处理和混凝沉淀+过滤深度处理工艺段对甾体雌激素的去除效果不佳,平均去除率为10%~20%。4座污水厂均不能彻底去除污水中的甾体雌激素,污水厂尾水及剩余污泥中残留较高质量浓度雌激素。     

代谢组学技术及其应用的研究进展

代谢组学是一种研究生物体内所有小分子代谢物的系统生物学方法,它利用气相色谱质谱联用（GC—MS）,液相色谱质谱联用（LC—MS）,核磁共振波谱（NMR）等先进的仪器分析技术来检测各种生物样品中代谢物组的信息并结合模式识别等分析计算方法对所得代谢组学数据进行处理,最后综合解析这些数据以用于评价药物疗效、检测药物毒性、诊断疾病、分析疾病状态。代谢组学自提出以来发展十分迅速,目前已在药学、毒理学、疾病研究和诊断等领域得到广泛应用。本文主要对代谢组学的概念,研究方法及其应用进行综述,最后就代谢组学的发展趋势作一讨论。     

环境激素类物质污染的研究及展望

环境激素污染正严重威胁全球环境和人类健康,从环境激素的概念、种类及其危害出发,对国内外环境激素污染的研究进行了综述,并总结了防治环境激素污染的主要技术手段.     

Lactogenic receptor regulation in hormone-stimulated steroidogenic cells

Receptor sites for lactogenic hormones such as prolactin (PRL), human growth hormone (HGH), and placental lactogens, are widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including mammary glands, steroid-secreting cells of the adrenal, testis, and ovary, and target cells of steroid hormone action such as liver, prostrate, and kidney. Although the biological functions of lactogen binding sites remain uncertain, a relationship between prolactin and lipoprotein metabolism is implied by the occurrence of prolactin receptors in steroidogenic cells of the gonads and adrenal, and by the ability of prolactin to increase esterified cholesterol in the testis. Recently, loss of testicular prolactin receptors has been observed following elevation of circulating luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonist analogues. The hormone dependence of lactogen receptor sites in steroid-secreting cells was further analysed in rat testis, ovary, and adrenal glands after treatment with the respective trophic hormones, gonadotropin and ACTH. In each of these tissues, rapid and transient loss of lactogen receptors was observed after trophic hormone stimulation. These findings indicate that increased turnover of lactogen receptors is an important component of the target-cell response, and suggest that prolactin receptors might be involved in the transport of lipoprotein precursors for steroid biosynthesis.     

Toward understanding the molecular mechanisms governing plant hormone actions: A brief introduction to the major research program “Molecular mechanisms of plant hormone actions” funded by the national natural science foundation of china (NSFC)

Decades of physiological and molecular studies have demonstrated that plants rely on a diverse set of small molecule hormones to regulate every aspect of their biological processes including development,growth and adaptation.The     

白蚁品级分化研究进展

白蚁作为具有品级多型和精致行为的高度社会化昆虫,品级分化是白蚁社会化生活的基础,也是生命科学的重要议题。从品级分化的类型及其影响因子、个体识别、信息传递、激素调控机理等方面,对白蚁品级分化的研究现状进行综述,为白蚁群体结构的深入理解及有效防治提供参考。白蚁品级分化主要分为生殖个体分化和非生殖个体分化两类,包括群体成员对环境的感知、相关信息的传递、个体对外部信息的生理响应、激素调控途径等环节。个体类型和生理状态信息主要以表皮碳氢化合物和挥发性信息素为媒介。品级主要受脑激素(BH)、蜕皮激素(MH)和保幼激素(JH)调节,其中JH水平对品级决定有重要影响。MH和JH的上游信号包括脑激素、胰岛素、生物胺、生长因子等信号,下游信号包括基因组、凋亡决定、储存蛋白和表观遗传等信号。在未来研究中,对营养因子信号、蜕皮激素的作用和表观遗传学途径应给予更多关注。     

昆虫滞育相关激素调节的研究进展 (动物科学)

昆虫的生长发育离不开激素的调节。滞育作为昆虫特殊的发育状态,其特征是代谢活动显著降低,发育停滞。在滞育发育过程中,各类激素通常相互协调形成网络,发挥着重要的调节作用。在神经内分泌系统中,由神经细胞分泌的神经肽类激素通常作为上游调控激素,通过调节下游激素的合成和分泌从而影响昆虫的滞育发育;蜕皮激素和保幼激素作为下游激素参与到神经肽类激素的调控网络中。目前已克隆得到滞育激素-性信息素合成激活肽和促前胸腺激素的基因,并对二者在不同滞育型昆虫中的调节作用进行了深入研究。此外,激素受体的研究将为解释激素之间的相互作用提供重要依据;而通过滞育昆虫体内激素水平的调节将为有害昆虫生物防治提供新的方法。     

Discrete cis-active genomic sequences dictate the pituitary cell type-specific expression of rat prolactin and growth hormone genes

The anterior pituitary gland, which is derived from a common primordium originating in Rathke's pouch, contains phenotypically distinct cell types, each of which express discrete trophic hormones: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, growth hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/luteinizing hormone (LH). The structurally related prolactin and growth hormone genes, which are evolutionarily derived from a single primordial gene, are expressed in discrete cell types--lactotrophs and somatotrophs, respectively--with their expression virtually limited to the pituitary gland. The pituitary hormones exhibit a temporal pattern of developmental expression with rat growth hormone and prolactin characteristically being the last hormones expressed. The reported co-expression of these two structurally related neuroendocrine genes within single cells prior to the appearance of mature lactotrophs, in a subpopulation of mature anterior pituitary cells, and in many pituitary adenomas raises the possibility that the prolactin and growth hormone genes are developmentally controlled by a common factor(s). We now report the identification and characterization of nucleotide sequences in the 5'-flanking regions of the rat prolactin and growth hormone genes, respectively, which act in a position- and orientation-independent fashion to transfer cell-specific expression to heterologous genes. At least one putative trans-acting factor required for the growth hormone genomic sequence to exert its effects is apparently different from those modulating the corresponding enhancer element(s) of the prolactin gene because a pituitary 'lactotroph' cell line producing prolactin but not growth hormone selectively fails to express fusion genes containing the growth hormone enhancer sequence.     

植物激素调控腋生分生组织发育的研究进展

植物分枝的生长是植物发育的一个标志性生长特征,不仅影响着植物株型的多样化,而且也影响着植物的生产力。植物分枝是由腋生分生组织（Axillary Meristems,AMs）实现的,腋生分生组织分布在每个叶基的腋部,并发育成分枝。因此,腋生分生组织发育分化规律的研究,不仅是植物生长发育的基础问题,而且对植物的实践生产也具有重要的指导意义。近年来,随着植物激素合成、信号途径等突变体被分离、鉴定以及相应基因被克隆,人们在植物激素调控腋生分生组织发育方面有了深入的了解。本文对生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素和独角金内酯等植物激素在植物腋生分生组织形成与发育过程中的调控机制进行阐述,认为随着新的检测工具和分析技术的发展,未来应加强环境信号介导下植物激素互作对腋生分生组织发育的研究。     

雄全异株桂花不同花期光合和内源激素的变化

【目的】桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)同时拥有雄株和两性株,具有极为罕见的雄全异株繁育系统。对桂花不同花期的光合特性及花部组织的内源激素含量进行测定,比较雄性和两性桂花在不同花期的光合及内源激素含量的变化规律,为评价雄性和两性桂花生长适应性及后续生理生态学研究提供参考。【方法】利用Li-6400XT光合作用测量系统对雄性和两性桂花不同花期的光合特性进行测量,并利用酶联免疫吸附分析法对生长素(IAA)、茉莉酸(JA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA₃)和玉米素核苷(ZRs)5种植物激素含量进行测定。【结果】雄性桂花的气孔导度和净光合速率在不同花期均低于两性桂花的;测定的5种激素中,平均激素含量最高的为脱落酸;茉莉酸含量在雄花的花期内持续增加,玉米素核苷含量在两性花的花期内不断升高。【结论】气孔导度是影响桂花净光合速率的一个关键因子,与净光合速率呈正相关;脱落酸和茉莉酸的不断积累可能导致了雄性桂花花瓣的大量脱落;玉米素核苷在两性桂花花期的积累对果实的发育有促进作用。研究结果可为雄全异株桂花不同花期阶段提供基础生理数据,为后续探索雄花花瓣脱落及果实发育提供参考。     

Production of multiple plant hormones from a single polyprotein precursor.

Some animal and yeast hormone genes produce prohormone polypeptides that are proteolytically processed to produce multiple copies of hormones with the same or different functions. In plants, four polypeptides have been identified that can be classed as hormones (intercellular chemical messengers) but none are known to be produced as multiple copies from a single precursor. Here we describe a polyprotein hormone precursor, present in tobacco plants, that gives rise to two polypeptide hormones, as often found in animals and yeast. The tobacco polypeptides activate the synthesis of defensive proteinase-inhibitor proteins in a manner similar to that of systemin, an 18-amino-acid polypeptide found in tomato plants. The two tobacco polypeptides are derived from each end of a 165-amino-acid precursor that bears no homology to tomato prosystemin. The data show that structurally diverse polypeptide hormones in different plant species can serve similar signalling roles, a condition not found in animals or yeast.     

Binding sites for growth hormone releasing factor on rat anterior pituitary cells

Growth hormone releasing factors (GRFs) have been isolated from human pancreatic tumours (hGRF) and rat hypothalamus (rhGRF). The response to GRF at the pituitary level can be modulated by other factors, including glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, somatostatin and other neuropeptides and somatomedins. Glucocorticoids enhance GRF-induced growth hormone (GH) secretion in primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells, and the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone has recently been shown to increase the amounts of GH released in freely moving rats in response to submaximal doses of intravenous GRF. To investigate whether somatotroph sensitivity to GRF is modulated at its receptor level, we have developed a radioreceptor assay using an iodinated analogue of hGRF as radioligand. We report here that the relative binding affinities of rGRF, hGRF and the two analogues are correlated with their in vitro biological potencies. Further, the number of GRF binding sites is drastically decreased in cells deprived of glucocorticoids either in vivo or in vitro.