G蛋白偶联受体研究进展

G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）是体内最大的蛋白质超家族，根据结构的同源性，主要分为A、B、C3族．GPCRs配体的多样性决定配体结合域的多样性．受体分子内相互作用力的破坏、质子化、构象改变、与G蛋白的偶联及受体二聚化参与了GPCRs的活化过程，近年发现GPCRs的失敏和内吞对受体功能调节亦非常重要，本文拟综述以上内容的研究进展．     

大鼠耳蜗血管纹胆碱能M受体的表达及意义

目的:研究胆碱能M受体在耳蜗血管纹的表达.方法:采用RT-PCR技术检测大鼠耳蜗血管纹上胆碱能M受体的基因表达.结果:扩增出标志M2、M3、M4和M5受体亚型基因表达的PCR产物,未扩增出标志M1受体亚型的产物.结论:胆碱能M2、M3、M4和M5受体亚型在耳蜗血管纹有表达,提示胆碱能M受体可能参与了血管纹功能的调节,为研究胆碱能M受体在血管纹上的功能提供分子生物学基础.     

环氧合酶-2单克隆抗体的制备和初步应用

以合成肽COX-2-KLH为完全抗原免疫BALB/c 小鼠,通过脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0融合的杂交瘤技术,筛选获得4株(1E10、3D6、5B11、6G4)稳定分泌抗COX-2单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞株.采用ELISA的方法鉴定McAb效价、亚型及特异性.各株McAb均属IgG1 亚型,其中1E10腹水纯化后MCAb效价在1∶107以上,SDS-PAGE电泳为单一条带,与同源异构体蛋白不发生交叉反应.获得的McAb被成功应用于COX-2生物学研究中的免疫组织化学(IHC)和Western Blot试验中.本研究获得的单抗具有特异、高效的特点,为COX-2生物学相关研究提供理论依据.     

幽门螺杆菌鞭毛蛋白A单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)鞭毛蛋白A(FlaA)可作为临床诊断标志物,但目前尚无识别FlaA蛋白的特异性抗体.该研究构建了HpflaA基因表达质粒,表达并纯化了HpFlaA重组蛋白,并以此重组蛋白为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤细胞技术制备HpFlaA单克隆抗体,最后对抗体的亚型、效价、纯度、亲和力和特异性等进行鉴定.共获得5株能稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为2G2、2G10、3E2、3E4和4H3.这5株细胞分型均为IgG1型且抗体效价均超过1∶10~5,亲和常数均达到10~7以上.经间接酶联免疫吸附实验和蛋白质免疫印记实验验证,单克隆抗体能特异性识别HpFlaA.成功制备出高亲和力、高效价、特异性好的HpFlaA单克隆抗体,具有潜在临床应用价值.     

植物小G蛋白研究进展

小G蛋白是和异三聚体G蛋白α亚基偶联的单体鸟苷酸结合蛋白,所有的小G蛋白从属于Ras超家族．植物小G蛋白超家族尤其是ROP家族在信号转导及生长发育中起了重要的“分子开关”作用,它们参与调控花粉管的伸长、根毛的发育及激素信号转导等过程．主要介绍了小G蛋白的种类、调节机制、ROP家族的功能及靶物,旨在揭示植物小G蛋白功能的多样性．     

CSFV E2蛋白主要抗原区域在马克斯克鲁维酵母中的表达及小鼠免疫

猪瘟是一种由猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV)引起的高度接触传染性和致死性疾病.疫苗预防接种是控制猪瘟病毒传播的重要措施,目前我国使用的弱毒疫苗均为1.1亚型猪瘟病毒兔化弱毒株.随着病毒的不断变异,2.1亚型猪瘟病毒已经逐渐成为我国的主要流行毒株.本研究利用马克斯克鲁维酵母研究了2.1b型CSFV E2蛋白及其截短体mE2(690-916aa)在马克斯克鲁维酵母中的重组表达,发现去除E2蛋白跨膜区域可以显著提高E2蛋白表达水平,mE2的表达量在5L发酵罐中达1.25～2.5g/L.经分子筛纯化,mE2蛋白纯度达90%.纯化的mE2作为抗原蛋白,注射免疫小鼠28d后,可诱导小鼠产生抗CSFV的IgG特异性抗体,表明马克斯克鲁维酵母重组表达的mE2蛋白具有较好的免疫原性.     

EphB2受体N端结构域蛋白的纯化及其对胃癌细胞蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化的作用

EphB2受体在细胞生长、分化和信号转导过程中具有重要作用,为深入研究其在胃癌的信号转导中的作用及功能,检测了EphB2受体刺激胃癌细胞后的酪氨酸磷酸化的变化,利用Ni-NTA金属螯合亲和层析法将在E.coli中融合表达的重组蛋白EphB2受体的N端球状区进行纯化,并经Western印迹进行确证和ELISA方法检测该蛋白活性,得到纯度95%以上的融合蛋白,并有结合其天然配体的活性.EphB2受体诱导可以使胃癌细胞发生明显的蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸化的改变,即通过反向刺激其ephrinB配体引起了胃癌细胞信号转导通路中一些信号分子酪氨酸磷酸化的改变.     

浅谈药理学教学中抗血小板药物的知识拓展

抗血小板药物在心血管疾病中有广泛的应用,但其仍存在出血不良反应,这是由于一些新药机制不明确所造成的。因此,抗血小板药物的机制研究还需加快。新型的抗血小板药物终将诞生,如前列腺素EP3受体抑制剂,为新抗血小板聚集药物的研究提供思路。     

武汉地区丙型肝炎病毒包膜蛋白E1的生物信息学研究

使用生物信息学的方法,分析武汉地区不同基因型、亚型的丙肝病毒的包膜E1蛋白,预测其二级结构、核苷酸变异性、糖基化位点、亲水性、跨膜区、信号肽、蛋白修饰位点、B细胞抗原.结果显示各HCV的包膜E1蛋白二级结构差距不大;序列始末段有数个氨基酸残基的差距,序列上存在高变异位点,基因型2a的型内一致性最高;序列大量糖基化,有多个糖基化基化位点;序列分布着亲水性区域,基因型1b的分值很高;基因型1b、6a、3b、3a多数亚型有1个跨膜区,基因型2a多数亚型有两个跨膜区;基因型1b、6a、3b、3a无信号肽,基因型2a都有信号肽;蛋白序列上存在多个不同修饰位点和B细胞抗原,各基因型、亚型之间有明显差距,具有较大异质性.该研究为揭示病毒感染机制和研制地区性疫苗提供一定的科学依据.     

抗人FXYD3单克隆抗体的制备与初步鉴定

【摘要】目的 制备抗人FXYD3单克隆抗体（McAb）并鉴定其生物学特性。方法 以固相合成法获得的FXYD3合成多肽与载体蛋白KLH偶联后免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术制备抗人FXYD3 McAb。用ELISA 、Western Blot、免疫组化技术对抗人FXYD3 McAb的亚型、效价、亲和力及特异性进行鉴定。结果 筛选出两段较好的优势抗原表位,分别为NDLEDKNSPFY和KFGQKSGHHPGETPPLITPGSA获得四株可稳定分泌抗人FXYD3 McAb的杂交瘤细胞株02A12C4、02F1E8、02E6B10与03A10E11,亚型鉴定重链均为IgG1,轻链为kappa链。间接ELISA法测定效价均在为1∶104以上。其中02F1E8效价为1∶105以上,亲和常数为3.11?08 L / mol。免疫组化分析显示了FXYD3均匀分布于肝癌细胞与人胰腺癌Bxpc-3细胞系细胞的胞膜上。结论 成功制备了四株抗人FXYD3 McAb,其中02F1E8纯度好、效价高及特异性强。为进一步研究FXYD3在肿瘤组织及细胞系中的表达及临床意义奠定了基础。     

Multiple D2 dopamine receptors produced by alternative RNA splicing

Dopamine receptor belong to a large class of neurotransmitter and hormone receptors that are linked to their signal transduction pathways through guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins (G proteins). Pharmacological, biochemical and physiological criteria have been used to define two subcategories of dopamine receptors referred to as D1 and D2. D1 receptors activate adenylyl cyclase and are coupled with the Gs regulatory protein. By contrast, activation of D2 receptors results in various responses including inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, inhibition of phosphatidylinositol turnover, increase in K+ channel activity and inhibition of Ca2+ mobilization. The G protein(s) linking the D2 receptors to these responses have not been identified, although D2 receptors have been shown to both copurify and functionally reconstitute with both Gi and Go related proteins. The diversity of responses elicited by D2-receptor activation could reflect the existence of multiple D2 receptor subtypes, the identification of which is facilitated by the recent cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a rat D2 receptor. This receptor exhibits considerable amino-acid homology with other members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Here we report the identification and cloning of a cDNA encoding an RNA splice variant of the rat D2 receptor cDNA. This cDNA codes for a receptor isoform which is predominantly expressed in the brain and contains an additional 29 amino acids in the third cytoplasmic loop, a region believed to be involved in G protein coupling.     

Identification of receptor contact site involved in receptor-G protein coupling

The mammalian G proteins transduce information from extracellular signals, including neurotransmitters, hormones and sensory stimuli, into regulation of effector enzymes or ion channels within cells. Triggered by appropriate extracellular signals, receptor proteins specifically activate members of the G protein family by catalysing replacement of GDP by GTP at the guanine nucleotide binding site. Like the receptor proteins, the heterotrimeric G proteins exhibit impressive structural similarities, suggesting that all receptor-G protein interactions use homologous structural elements and a single molecular mechanism. Topologically equivalent portions of each G protein may therefore interact with the appropriate receptor. We recently predicted the secondary structure of a composite G protein alpha-chain and proposed that a predicted amphipathic alpha-helix at the extreme carboxy-terminus of the polypeptide directly contacts receptors. This proposal has now been confirmed by sequencing complementary DNAs of the gene that encodes the alpha-chain (alpha s) of the stimulatory regulator (Gs) of adenylyl cyclase in wild-type cells and in a mutant mouse S49 lymphoma cell line, unc, in which Gs cannot be activated by hormone receptors. The sequences reveal a point mutation in the unc gene that substitutes a proline residue for an arginine near the carboxy-terminus of the alpha s-polypeptide. Expression of recombinant alpha s-unc in genetically alpha s-deficient S49 cells reproduces the unc phenotype.     

Subcellular patterns of calcium release determined by G protein-specific residues of muscarinic receptors.

Calcium release from intracellular stores is a point of convergence for a variety of receptors involved in cell signaling. Consequently, the mechanism(s) by which cells differentiate between individual receptor signals is central to transmembrane communication. There are significant differences in timing and magnitude of Ca2+ release stimulated by the m2 and m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The m2 receptors couple to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein to activate phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis weakly and to stimulate small, delayed and oscillatory chloride currents. In contrast, m3 receptors potently activate phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and stimulate large, rapid and transient chloride currents by a pertussis toxin-insensitive G protein pathway. Using confocal microscopy, we now show that the m2- and m3-coupled Ca2+ release pathways can also be spatially distinguished. At submaximal acetylcholine concentrations, both receptors stimulated pulses of Ca2+ release from discrete foci in random, periodic and frequently bursting patterns of activity. But maximal stimulation of m2 receptors increased the number of focal release sites, whereas m3 receptors invariably evoked a Ca2+ wave propagating rapidly just beneath the plasma membrane surface. Analysis of pertussis toxin sensitivity and hybrid m2-m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors confirmed that these Ca2+ release patterns represent distinct cell signalling pathways.     

Cloning by functional expression of platelet-activating factor receptor from guinea-pig lung.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a unique phospholipid mediator, possesses potent proinflammatory, smooth-muscle contractile and hypotensive activities, and appears to be crucial in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and in the lethality of endotoxin and anaphylactic shock. Despite this, little is known of the molecular properties of the PAF receptor and related signal transduction systems. Although several lines of evidence suggest that activation of the PAF receptor stimulates phospholipase C and subsequent inositol trisphosphate formation through G protein(s), the PAF receptor and calcium channel are reported to show a close relation. As a first approach to cloning lipid autacoid receptors, we have isolated complementary DNA for the PAF receptors. Our strategy involved gene expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and electrophysiological detection of PAF-induced responses. Sequence analysis indicates that the receptor belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors.     

Crystal structure of the β2 adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for the majority of cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters as well as the senses of sight, olfaction and taste. The paradigm of GPCR signalling is the activation of a heterotrimeric GTP binding protein (G protein) by an agonist-occupied receptor. The β(2) adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) activation of Gs, the stimulatory G protein for adenylyl cyclase, has long been a model system for GPCR signalling. Here we present the crystal structure of the active state ternary complex composed of agonist-occupied monomeric β(2)AR and nucleotide-free Gs heterotrimer. The principal interactions between the β(2)AR and Gs involve the amino- and carboxy-terminal α-helices of Gs, with conformational changes propagating to the nucleotide-binding pocket. The largest conformational changes in the β(2)AR include a 14 ? outward movement at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane segment 6 (TM6) and an α-helical extension of the cytoplasmic end of TM5. The most surprising observation is a major displacement of the α-helical domain of Gαs relative to the Ras-like GTPase domain. This crystal structure represents the first high-resolution view of transmembrane signalling by a GPCR.     

Movement of 'gating charge' is coupled to ligand binding in a G-protein-coupled receptor

Activation by agonist binding of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls most signal transduction processes. Although these receptors span the cell membrane, they are not considered to be voltage sensitive. Recently it was shown that both the activity of GPCRs and their affinity towards agonists are regulated by membrane potential. However, it remains unclear whether GPCRs intrinsically respond to changes in membrane potential. Here we show that two prototypical GPCRs, the m2 and m1 muscarinic receptors (m2R and m1R), display charge-movement-associated currents analogous to 'gating currents' of voltage-gated channels. The gating charge-voltage relationship of m2R correlates well with the voltage dependence of the affinity of the receptor for acetylcholine. The loop that couples m2R and m1R to their G protein has a crucial function in coupling voltage sensing to agonist-binding affinity. Our data strongly indicate that GPCRs serve as sensors for both transmembrane potential and external chemical signals.     

Molecular cloning and expression of a rat V1a arginine vasopressin receptor.

The neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin has diverse actions, including the inhibition of diuresis, contraction of smooth muscle, stimulation of liver glycogenolysis and modulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone release from the pituitary. Arginine vasopressin receptors are G protein-coupled and have been divided into at least three types; the V1a (vascular/hepatic) and V1b (anterior pituitary) receptors which act through phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis to mobilize intracellular Ca2+, and the V2 (kidney) receptor which is coupled to adenylate cyclase. We report here the cloning of a complementary DNA encoding the hepatic V1a arginine vasopressin receptor. The liver cDNA encodes a protein with seven putative transmembrane domains, which binds arginine vasopressin and related compounds with affinities similar to the native rat V1a receptor. The messenger RNA corresponding to the cDNA is distributed in rat tissues known to contain V1a receptors.     

Conformational changes in the G protein Gs induced by the β2 adrenergic receptor

G protein-coupled receptors represent the largest family of membrane receptors that instigate signalling through nucleotide exchange on heterotrimeric G proteins. Nucleotide exchange, or more precisely, GDP dissociation from the G protein α-subunit, is the key step towards G protein activation and initiation of downstream signalling cascades. Despite a wealth of biochemical and biophysical studies on inactive and active conformations of several heterotrimeric G proteins, the molecular underpinnings of G protein activation remain elusive. To characterize this mechanism, we applied peptide amide hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to probe changes in the structure of the heterotrimeric bovine G protein, Gs (the stimulatory G protein for adenylyl cyclase) on formation of a complex with agonist-bound human β(2) adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR). Here we report structural links between the receptor-binding surface and the nucleotide-binding pocket of Gs that undergo higher levels of hydrogen-deuterium exchange than would be predicted from the crystal structure of the β(2)AR-Gs complex. Together with X-ray crystallographic and electron microscopic data of the β(2)AR-Gs complex (from refs 2, 3), we provide a rationale for a mechanism of nucleotide exchange, whereby the receptor perturbs the structure of the amino-terminal region of the α-subunit of Gs and consequently alters the 'P-loop' that binds the β-phosphate in GDP. As with the Ras family of small-molecular-weight G proteins, P-loop stabilization and β-phosphate coordination are key determinants of GDP (and GTP) binding affinity.     

Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine.

Dopamine receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. On the basis of the homology between these receptors, three different dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3) have been cloned. Dopamine receptors are primary targets for drugs used in the treatment of psychomotor disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. In the management of socially withdrawn and treatment-resistant schizophrenics, clozapine is one of the most favoured antipsychotics because it does not cause tardive dyskinesia. Clozapine, however, has dissociation constants for binding to D2 and D3 that are 4 to 30 times the therapeutic free concentration of clozapine in plasma water. This observation suggests the existence of other types of dopamine receptors which are more sensitive to clozapine. Here we report the cloning of a gene that encodes such a receptor (D4). The D4 receptor gene has high homology to the human dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes. The pharmacological characteristics of this receptor resembles that of the D2 and D3 receptors, but its affinity for clozapine is one order of magnitude higher. Recognition and characterization of this clozapine neuroleptic site may prove useful in the design of new types of drugs.     

Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor

The diverse physiological actions of dopamine are mediated by its interaction with two basic types of G protein-coupled receptor, D1 and D2, which stimulate and inhibit, respectively, the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Alterations in the number or activity of these receptors may be a contributory factor in diseases such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of the gene encoding a human D1 dopamine receptor. The coding region of this gene is intronless, unlike the gene encoding the D2 dopamine receptor. The D1 receptor gene encodes a protein of 446 amino acids having a predicted relative molecular mass of 49,300 and a transmembrane topology similar to that of other G protein-coupled receptors. Transient or stable expression of the cloned gene in host cells established specific ligand binding and functional activity characteristic of a D1 dopamine receptor coupled to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization revealed that the messenger RNA for this receptor is most abundant in caudate, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, with little or no mRNA detectable in substantia nigra, liver, kidney, or heart. Several observations from this work in conjunction with results from other studies are consistent with the idea that other D1 dopamine receptor subtypes may exist.