油页岩孔裂隙结构随温度演化规律细观研究

为研究不同温度下油页岩细观结构的演化规律,利用显微CT试验分析系统,对产自抚顺的油页岩样进行显微CT扫描,结果表明:随着温度升高,试件内裂隙结构经历了"生成—闭合—再发育"的三个阶段,但整个油页岩试件的空隙率一直增大.选取含裂隙的局部区域作为研究对象,在100℃～300℃内,裂隙逐渐闭合导致区域内空隙团的数量增加但空隙团总体积减小;300℃～600℃内裂隙重新开裂并不断发育延伸,区域内大部分空隙团得以连通,空隙团数量减小但总体积增大.     

高温蒸汽作用油页岩孔隙-裂隙结构演化规律实验研究

油页岩孔隙裂隙演化规律是影响对流加热方式原位流态化开采油页岩的关键影响因素。选取新疆巴里坤油页岩试样，首先利用自主研制的高温蒸汽作用实验系统对试样进行加热，然后采用显微CT和扫描电镜对不同温度作用后的油页岩的孔隙裂隙特征进行测试，并利用Avizo软件，对油页岩孔裂隙结构、内部渗流场特征以及表面微观特征随温度的演化规律进行了详细地研究，结果表明：1)原始状态下油页岩内部裂隙以微裂隙(100～500μm)为主，随着水蒸汽作用温度不断提高，微裂隙数量呈指数形式增长，同时孔径较小的小孔逐步转变为孔径较大的中大孔。2)随着水蒸汽作用温度增加，油页岩孔隙度显著增加，由常温状态下的2.7%增加到555℃时的16.2%,是常温下的6倍。3)随着热解温度的升高，油页岩内部连通的孔隙也不断增多，为高温水蒸汽以及热解产物的运移提供了良好通道，总体上平行层理方向的渗透率总是大于垂直层理方向的渗透率。4)油页岩渗透性存在明显的各向异性特征，当热解温度为314℃时，油页岩在平行层理方向与垂直层理方向的渗透率差异性最大，渗透率各向异性系数量级可达103.研究结论对调控水蒸汽对流加热原位开采油页岩油气的工艺参数具有重...     

热解无烟煤三维裂隙重构及定量表征研究

以晋城无烟煤为研究对象,利用μCT225 kVFCB扫描系统,在不同温度下对晋城无烟煤进行CT扫描,研究不同温度下裂隙发育状况。基于AVIZO三维可视化重构技术,对煤样内部裂隙进行提取。对单个裂隙进行了定量分析,对比了不同温度下热破裂和热解对裂隙发育的影响。实验结果表明:200℃时,微裂隙扩展形成长度L1 000μm的裂隙,在不同温度作用下,无烟煤孔裂隙的致裂原因不同;在常温300℃时,裂隙2发育剧烈,主要由热破裂引起,随着温度的升高无烟煤内部发生热解反应,裂隙发育主要受热解作用影响;400℃时,最大裂隙体积减小;600℃时,温度对裂隙发育影响最大,裂隙1和3相互连通扩展,同时次生裂隙生成。根据长度L的不同,晋城无烟煤内部裂隙分为3类:1μmL100μm; 100μm≤L1 000μm;L≥1 000μm.在不同温度作用下,综合单裂隙提取主裂隙面张量方向不同;随着温度的升高裂隙沿层理方向发育较快,其中在300℃与600℃时,裂隙空间发育最为显著。温度越高,三维裂隙体积变大,空间相互连通,渗透性增大,为煤层气抽采提供了高渗透性通道。     

高温状态下石灰岩力学性能实验研究

为了研究高温状态下石灰岩力学性能,采用液压伺服刚性岩石力学实验系统对常温～800℃高温作用下石灰岩的力学性能进行了实验研究,分析了石灰岩应力应变曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量等的变化情况。研究结果表明:在600℃以内的高温下,温度对石灰岩的力学特性的影响不明显。但在600℃以后,随受热温度升高石灰岩力学性能迅速劣化,峰值应力和弹性模量急剧降低,而峰值应变迅速增长。800℃时已形成缓和的应力-应变全过程曲线,表现出软化现象。     

油页岩传热各向异性与原位传导热采模拟分析

【目的】油页岩原位开采过程中传热效率差,各向异性差异显著,油页岩原位开采中存在各向异性传热差异问题。【方法】以新疆巴里坤油页岩制标准样本试件,采取多种室内试验手段对不同温度下块状油页岩水平、垂直层理传热差异进行探究,并进行原位开采模拟。【结果】实验结果表明：1）随着温度升高,各层理方向热传导系数均呈“降低”趋势,但油页岩平行层理方向的热传导系数均大于垂直层理方向;2）随温度升高,比热容先升高再降低,当温度为400℃时,油页岩比热容值最大;3）结合显微CT图,随着温度的升高,裂隙增多对垂直层理方向热量传导的影响大于平行层理方向。基于上述实验测试参数,同时利用COMSOL软件建立油页岩储层原位电加热的“热-固”耦合模型,模拟结果表明：随加热时间的增加,各向异性传热差异逐渐开始呈现;当加热时间为120 d时,加热井附近区域温度上升,并未表现出明显的各向异性;当加热到600 d时,平行层理方向的传热区域明显大于垂直层理方向,呈“椭圆”状;加热到1 440 d时,传热区域小幅度增加,加热井控制区域页岩基本热解完成。     

高温荷载耦合作用下地聚物砂浆损伤模型研究

为研究高温对地聚物砂浆的力学性能与导热性能的影响，以温度为变量设置了25℃、200℃、400℃、600℃、800℃这5种温度进行常规导热试验和单轴压力试验。试验获取了导热系数、应力-应变全曲线、抗压强度、峰值应变、切线模量等参数指标，并对不同高温作用后的地聚物砂浆进行了SEM和XRD试验，深入分析了不同温度对其力学性能与导热性能的影响规律，并建立了地聚物砂浆高温损伤模型。结果表明：（1）随着温度的升高，地聚物砂浆的导热系数呈现逐渐下降的趋势，温度为200℃时，相比于其他温度的导热系数下降幅度明显；（2）高温使地聚物砂浆的力学性能随温度的升高不断降低，并且随着温度升高，高温劣化作用越来越显著，使强度迅速下降；（3）高温会导致地聚物砂浆内部裂缝逐渐增多、C-S-H胶凝物质减少，在温度为600℃时C-S-H胶凝物质基本消失，800℃发生固相反应生成钙铝黄长石且砂浆内部细小裂缝转变为贯通型大裂缝；（4）建立了地聚物砂浆高温损伤模型。     

石长沟油页岩燃烧灰分物理特性

油页岩灰分是油页岩综合利用的主要物质之一。对石长沟油页岩进行马弗炉燃烧实验，制备不同燃烧终温(200~800 ℃)的油页岩灰分；并借助多种实验仪器研究不同温度燃烧下的灰分构成成分、结构特征及微观孔隙演化过程。结果表明：油页岩有机质以脂肪族为主；燃烧过程中，各有机元素(N、S、C、H、O)含量呈现下降趋势，自由水析出，结构水脱离，碳酸盐和脂肪族会逐渐分解，在800 ℃高温时，C完全转化为CO2逸出；灰分的构成成分主要为二氧化硅和碳酸盐，孔隙以微孔和中孔为主，随着燃烧温度升高，中孔数量增加，比表面积和分形维度先增后减，峰值均在400 ℃处。本次研究结果为分析石长沟油页岩不同燃烧温度下灰分的物理状态提供了理论基础，对了解石长沟油页岩的燃烧特性具有一定的借鉴意义。     

注蒸汽原位开采油页岩热解温度确定及可行性分析

利用热重仪对新疆油页岩进行不同温度下的热解实验,结果显示热解温度高低和油页岩在特定温度下的热解时间都会明显影响到油页岩的失重率,热解新疆油页岩的最佳温度值为500℃;通过高精度显微CT实验系统对热解后油页岩的细观进行测试,得到注蒸汽原位开采油页岩是完全可行的结论,这对油页岩原位开采技术的发展具有重要意义。     

换热器管板胀接接头高温下拉脱实验研究

考虑换热器管板胀接接头和高温拉伸实验机结构,设计了试件和实验方案,对液压胀接接头在高温条件下的拉脱力变化规律进行了实验研究.当温度在100℃内,拉脱力随温度升高显著增大、受胀管率影响较大;当温度在100℃～300℃时,拉脱力随温度升高略有降低,胀管率影响逐步变小.实验结果可为换热器管板胀接接头设计和拉脱力计算提供理论依据.     

大庆普通稠油粘温及流变性研究

以大庆江37普通稠油为研究对象,利用Anton Paar MCR301旋转流变仪开展了稠油黏温及流变特性的实验研究。通过室内实验,测定了大庆普通稠油在不同温度、压力及剪切速率条件下的黏度,研究了稠油流变性特性及屈服应力与温度的关系。研究结果表明,稠油的黏度对温度非常敏感,随温度升高而大幅度降低,在拐点温度处之前,稠油黏-温关系曲线随压力变化较大;在拐点温度处之后,压力对黏度影响不大。流变性曲线说明,低温40℃条件下稠油油样属于Bingham塑性流体。随着温度升高,原油流变性表现为牛顿流体特性。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.