南极瑞穗站太阳分光辐射及大气透明状况

本文利用１９７９年－１９８０年南极瑞穗站太阳分光辐射资料＾［１－２］。统计分析了其太阳分光辐射特征及大气透明状况。初步结果表明：瑞穗站虽然地处高纬，因大气洁净仍有很强的太阳直接辐射能量；由于雪面的高反射率及大气的多次反射使得散射较大；直接太阳辐射、总辐射和反射辐射与ｓｉｎｈ有较好的线性关系；散射辐射及与总辐射比与大阳高度角和大气质量有关。文中还计算了瑞穗站的大气透明度系数，并与拉萨和北京的大气透明     

南极瑞穗站大气光学特征研究

本文利用南极瑞穗站１９７９年太阳可见光波段直接辐射的分光测量和微气象观测资料＾［１－２］。分别计算了整层大气、分子大气、臭氧和气溶胶的散射和吸收所构成的光学厚度τｔ（λ）、τＲ（λ）、τ０３（λ）和τａ（λ）及埃斯屈朗浑浊度系数β和波长指数ａ，并与北京和拉萨的相应值进行了比较＾［３－５］。文中对波长指数和埃斯屈朗浑浊度系数及整层大气垂直光学厚度与大气稳定度参数、湍流热通量的关系也进行了讨论。     

广东龙门地区草地下垫面地表辐射和能量平衡观测和分析

 利用2009年9月-2010年1月在广东省龙门县收集的涡动相关观测资料,比较了广东龙门地区草地下垫面秋、冬季不同天气条件下的地表通量特征。发现地表辐射平衡分量和能量平衡分量都存在明显的月际变化。典型晴天下辐射通量除长波辐射外均表现为标准的单峰日循环形态。在阴、雨天,辐射通量日变化曲线波动大,出现双峰甚至是多峰的形态。地面长波辐射略大于大气长波辐射,两者的差值在雨天、阴天、晴天依次增大。在辐射平衡中,地面长波辐射贡献最大,大气长波辐射次之,再依次为太阳短波辐射、净辐射和反射辐射。与晴天相比,阴天潜热、感热均减少。与秋季相比,冬季潜热减少,感热增加。在晚上存在负水汽输送现象。降水天里地热流量全天为负值,土壤从深层向地表释放热量。无论晴天还是阴天,地表和浅层土壤温度都表现为准正弦曲线。土壤温度的活动层基本在10cm土壤层内,各层土壤温度峰（谷）值出现的时间随着土层厚度增加而延迟,10cm以下土壤温度几乎无日变化特征,雨天时地面和浅层土壤温度呈下降趋势。各层土壤温度不仅跟天气状况有关,晴天高于阴天,还存在秋季地温度高于冬季的季节变化。     

热红外低比辐射,高温反射比表面

在金属和非金属基体上，制备出了热红外低比辐射率以及射率和漫反射率都很低的高温反射比表面。对黄铜基体，Ｔ＝３７３Ｋ，λ≥８μｍ的法向积分比辐射率ε ｎ＝０．１３，Ｔ＝４１３Ｋ，λ＝８－２５μｍ的积分镜反射率Ｒｍ＝０．１５，积分漫反射率ＲＤ＝０．１６；对Ｋ９玻璃基体，Ｔ＝３７３Ｋ，λ≥８μｍ的εｎ＝０．１５，Ｔ＝４１３Ｋ，λ＝８－２５μｍ的Ｒｍ＝０．２１，ＲＤ＝０．１４，对于以Ｋ９玻璃为基体的同种表面     

青藏高原热状况特征分析

利用中日亚洲季风机制合作研究计划中的青藏高原自动气象站（AWS）观测资料和相应的常规测站资料,计算分析了拉萨、日喀则、那曲和林芝的大气热量收支及各热力分量的贡献状况,结果表明：高原大气在3－9月热源,10－2月是冷源;各热力分量都存在夏大冬小的现象,来自太阳的短波辐射和地表净辐射各占总供热40％;湍流感热和降水潜热各占供热约10％;辐射加热是高原大气热量的主要来源。     

Glan-Thompson棱镜四层宽带减反射膜的设计与蒸镀

Glan-Thompson棱镜在光学领域有着重要的应用，透过率的高低和有效带宽的大小，直接影响着棱镜的品质．为了提高棱镜的透过率，拓宽有效使用带宽，利用薄膜特征矩阵的原理，设计了四层宽带减反射膜系，选用合适的光学薄膜材料，利用电子束蒸镀，借助于离子源辅助蒸镀，制作了高性能的宽带减反射膜．测试结果表明：平均剩余反射率小于1％，有效使用带宽达300nm，达到了设计要求．     

热红外低比辐射、高漫反射比表面

在金属和非金属基体上，制备出了热红外低比辐射率以及镜反射率和漫反射率都很低的高漫反射比表面。对黄铜基体，Ｔ＝３７３Ｋ，≥８μｍ的法向积分比辐射率ｎ＝０．１３，Ｔ＝４１３Ｋ，＝８－２５μｍ的积分镜反射率Ｒｍ＝０．１５．积分漫反射率ＲＤ＝０．１６；对Ｋ９玻璃基体Ｔ＝３７３Ｋ，≥８μｍ的ｎ＝０．１５，Ｔ＝４１３Ｋ，＝８～２５μｍ的Ｒｍ＝０．２１，ＲＤ＝０．１４．对于以Ｋ９玻璃为基体的同种表面材料镜面，在相同条件下测得ｎ＝０．１２，Ｒｍ＝０．９３．ＲＤ＝０．１２。     

ATO隔热透明原位复合薄膜的制备与性能

通过原位复合方法制备出氧化锡锑/氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺(ATO/GO/PI)复合薄膜,并分析薄膜组成对其光学性质的影响.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外可见(UV-Vis)和红外反射光谱仪探究薄膜的微观形貌、紫外可见透过率及红外反射率.结果表明:当ATO、GO含量分别为0.6%、0.016%时,ATO/GO/PI复合薄膜结构为无定形态,此时ATO、GO纳米颗粒均匀分散在PI基体中,此类复合薄膜的红外反射率达86%,400~800nm波段透过率达97%,300~350nm紫外光透过率为0%.     

掺杂对纳米ZnO粉末紫外-可见光吸收性能的影响

采用Fe，Cu，Mg掺杂合成纳米ZnO粉末．透射电镜照片表明：不同掺杂对ZnO形状、粒径和粒径分布影响不大，纳米ZnO和掺杂后的纳米ZnO粒径都在30～80nm之间，统计平均粒径为50nm．通过对不同掺杂的纳米ZnO的紫外-可见光吸收光谱的分析对比发现：掺杂改变了纳米ZnO微粉的吸收波长和透过率，掺杂后的纳米ZnO吸收带有明显的蓝移或红移现象．其中：掺杂Fe对纳米ZnO的影响最大，吸收波长从400nm蓝移到315nm，在315～700nm之间透过率从0．256％渐渐上升到4．872％；掺杂Mg则出现红移．吸收波长从400nm红移到500nm，在500～700nm之间透过率从0．221％上升到3．816％；而掺杂Cu的影响最小，仅有20nm的蓝移，在380～700nm之间，透过率从0．080％仅提高到1．471％．     

纳木措水体中辐射衰减特性的初步研究

文章利用纳木措水体中实测的辐射数据,即湖体在波长305nm、312nm和320nm的平均光谱漫衰减系数分别为O．39m6-l,0．40m^-1和O．34m^-1,光合有效辐射的平均漫衰减系数为0．14m^-1。初步分析了纳木措水体中紫外线和光合有效辐射的衰减特性。     

Dust direct radiative effects on the earth-atmosphere system over east Asia: Early spring cooling and late spring warming

Focusing on three dust storms occurring in spring 2001,we developed a detailed aerosol parameterization scheme and integrated it in a radiative transfer model to characterize possible impacts of solar altitude angle on dust direct radiative effects over China desert regions and the North Pacific,using actual daily solar altitude angles.Increasing solar altitude angle from early spring (or winter) to late spring (or summer) leads to increase of positive clear sky radiative forcing,and decrease of negative radiative forcing due to dust aerosols at the top of the atmosphere.Because solar altitude angle increases from early to late spring,dust-clear sky radiative forcing may change from negative to positive at the top of atmosphere,showing a change from cooling to heating of the earth-atmosphere system over high-albedo deserts and nearby regions.Over low-albedo ocean negative clear sky radiative forcing by dust may decrease,suggesting a change from strong to weak cooling on the earth-atmosphere system.The impacts of solar altitude angle on cloudy sky radiative forcing due to dust are similar to those of clear sky.Impacts of low cloud on dust radiative forcing are the same as increasing surface albedo.This causes the transition of dust cooling effects into heating effects over deserts to occur earlier,and causes decrease of negative radiative forcing over the ocean and even cause a change from weak negative radiative forcing to weak positive forcing over local areas.Even in the same East Asian desert regions and nearby areas,the strength and sign of the radiative forcings depend on storm dates and thus solar altitude angle.The nearer to early spring (or winter) a dust storm occurs,the easier it leads to negative radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere,which indicates cooling effects on the earth-atmosphere system.In contrast,the nearer to late spring (or summer) a dust storm occurs,the easier it leads to positive radiative forcing at the top of atmosphere,showing heating effects.Over East Asian deserts and nearby regions,dust layers may be regarded as cooling sources in early spring (winter) and warming sources in late spring (summer).     

卫星遥感东亚地区云辐射与气候

本文利用ＴＩＲＯＳ－Ｎ卫星ＴＯＶＳ系统，计算了１９８９年７，８，９月东亚地区的射出长波辐射（ＯＬＲ），云量和地表温度。由此讨论了ＯＬＲ的分布以及它与天气系统的联系。分析了地表温度，云量和ＯＬＲ的关系及晴空条件下海面温度与ＯＬＲ的相关性。本文综合分析了云对气系统辐射收支的影响及高，低云系统的不同的辐射效应。通过分析发现低云系统反射率应占主导地位，而高云系统是以温室效应为主。     

Attenuation of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou

The UV attenuation due to atmospheric aerosols in Guangzhou was quantitatively assessed using surface ultraviolet radiation (UV,295-385 nm) observation,sun photometer and radiation models.Observations showed that the annual average value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) was 1.19 in UV spectral region of 340 nm,the annual average occurrence frequency of aerosol optical depth AOD 340 nm >1.0 was 55%,and the annual average attenuation rate of surface UV direct radiation of 340 nm was 68%.It was proven in the observation of surface UV radiation and model evaluation that annual average attenuation of UV due to atmosphere was 75%,and that reached 72% in the dry season (October,November,December and January);while average attenuation of UV due to atmospheric aerosols reached 62% in the dry season.It was indicated that very significant UV attenuations due to atmospheric aerosols existed in Guangzhou urban agglomeration,and at least half of UV radiation was attenuated due to atmospheric aerosols.Such large-amplitude attenuation will have a significant impact on urban ecosystem and species chemical cycles,especially photochemical reaction processes.     

Three-year changes of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semiarid area

Diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations of surface albedo of degraded grassland and cropland surfaces at a semiarid area of Tognyu have been investigated based on the continuous three years observational data from 2003 to 2005. The changes of surface albedo with solar elevation angle and soil moisture have been discussed also. It has been found that surface albedo has almost the same diurnal and seasonal variations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in the semiarid area, while surface albedo is large in winter and small in summer. The diurnal variation of the surface albedo has relationship with the weather condition. The diurnal cycle of the surface albedo likes the ＂U＂ shape curve in sunny day, while it is low-high after the rain, and high-low after the snow. The surface albedo has large variation in cloudy day, while it has no any variation in overcast day. The large difference of the surface albedo can be 0.04 in winter between two land surfaces, because the snow has large effects on the surface albedo in winter. The rainfall is an important factor in summer on the surface albedo, while the difference of the surface albedo is 0.01 only between two land surfaces. The differences of the surface albedo can also be 0.04 in autumn due to vegetation growing. The seasonal-average surface albeo from 2003-2005 is 0.25, 0.22, 0.24, 0.32 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the degraded grassland surface, while it is 0.25, 0.21,0.22, 0.33 respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter on the cropland surface. The surface albedo becomes smaller with the increase of solar elevation angle. When the solar elevation angle is greater than 40°, the surface albedo changes very little and tends to be a constant. The surface albedo has negative exponent functions with soil moisture in the growing season.     

地气系统辐射平衡特征的观测研究

利用温斯顿编制的美国NOAA卫星第一批45个月辐射观测资料分析图，包括吸收太阳辐射，反射率及射出长波辐射。而地-气系统辐射平衡是用公式计算的，首次对地-气系统辐射平衡理论各分量从数值上进行逐月的和年内的纬向分布特征研究。结果表明：在一年中太阳直射点随时间的推移的南北回归线之间移动。地-气系统辐射平衡，吸收太阳辐射，反射率和射出长波辐射的纬向分布，和理论说明的变化是完全一致的，这45个月正处于太阳黑子数相对少期，该期间的太阳辐射应是偏弱的。     

福建沿海地区太阳辐射时空变化分析

借助GIS平台和NOAA-AVHRR的CHI和CH2资料,反演得到福建沿海地区地表反照率．利用1961～2000年累计年月平均气候资料,采用气候学方法计算福建沿海地区太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、辐射平衡,并分析其对空变化规律．结果表明,运用遥感技术可定量反演地表反照率,结合太阳辐射计算方法,可确定各地乃至更细小网格的辐射值,精度可满足要求．这既可以弥补地区太阳辐射观测资料空缺,又可以为农业生产和科学研究提供有关辐射资源的基础数据．     

用零维能量平衡气候模型分析大气气溶胶的气候效应

将大气短波吸收系数的增加量假设为晴空大气反照率的增加量的线性函数,综合考虑云对能量传输的调节及其与地气系统之间复杂的非线性相互作用,利用零维能量平衡模型分析了气溶胶的气候效应。分析计算结果发现,大气气溶胶含量增加可能引发的气候变化主要是：(1) 大气温度升高,地表感热输送和蒸发潜热减少,这会引起全球干旱; (2) 气溶胶使地面升温还是降温,主要依赖于大气对太阳辐射的吸收能力和晴空大气的反照率,地表反照率反馈机制使气溶胶的气候效应得到加强。     

四川省太阳辐射能量支出状况的研究

根据四川省近200个台站30年(1951—1980)整编气候资料并结合自然地理景观,统计计算了全川各站逐月及年的总辐射、地表反射率及地表有效辐射,在绘制分布图的基础上分析了它们的时空分布特征.     

降水预报的红外遥感方法研究

利用现代化卫星、地面遥感探测手段，对华南地区（以广州为主）地表、大气逆辐射和云体发展进行了长时间跟踪观测，旨在掌握不同天气状况下地表辐射变化规律，并以地面有效辐射（Ｆ０）作为降水预报因子，初步估算了Ｆ０、云体厚度与降水强度的关系．     

The importance of the diurnal and annual cycle of air traffic for contrail radiative forcing

Air traffic condensation trails, or contrails, are believed to have a net atmospheric warming effect, although one that is currently small compared to that induced by other sources of human emissions. However, the comparably large growth rate of air traffic requires an improved understanding of the resulting impact of aircraft radiative forcing on climate. Contrails have an effect on the Earth's energy balance similar to that of high thin ice clouds. Their trapping of outgoing longwave radiation emitted by the Earth and atmosphere (positive radiative forcing) is partly compensated by their reflection of incoming solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). On average, the longwave effect dominates and the net contrail radiative forcing is believed to be positive. Over daily and annual timescales, varying levels of air traffic, meteorological conditions, and solar insolation influence the net forcing effect of contrails. Here we determine the factors most important for contrail climate forcing using a sophisticated radiative transfer model for a site in southeast England, located in the entrance to the North Atlantic flight corridor. We find that night-time flights during winter (December to February) are responsible for most of the contrail radiative forcing. Night flights account for only 25 per cent of daily air traffic, but contribute 60 to 80 per cent of the contrail forcing. Further, winter flights account for only 22 per cent of annual air traffic, but contribute half of the annual mean forcing. These results suggest that flight rescheduling could help to minimize the climate impact of aviation.