中子诱发锕系元素裂变的宏观-微观理论研究

宏观-微观模型是核裂变机制理论研究的主要途径之一,是有希望可以很好诠释实验并与实验结果进行定量比较的理论方法.本文综述了在中子诱发锕系元素裂变的宏观-微观理论研究的主要进展.通过开展宏观-微观模型研究,实现了基于五维形变参量的势能曲面的真实计算,利用先进的搜索算法研究获得了核裂变路径、鞍点构型等势能曲面结构信息.基于五维势能曲面上的裂变动力学研究,实现了对主要锕系元素的裂变碎片质量分布数据的理论描述.     

浓度对薄凹液层胶体悬浮液干燥花样形成的影响

研究了不同浓度下厚度较薄的凹液层胶体悬浮液干燥过程及花样, 利用照相机实时拍摄不同浓度下胶体悬浮液的干燥过程. 结果表明随着浓度的增加, 最终干燥花样圆环宽度增加, 而数目明显减少; 干燥过程分为5阶段, 其中包含两阶段马兰哥尼对流; 对流能够影响悬浮液内胶体颗粒的自组装和薄膜形貌, 第一阶段对流导致薄膜边缘厚、中心薄, 第二阶段对流伴随接触线的钉轧-滑移运动, 导致多重宽环花样形成.     

Vegetation effects on mean daily maximum and minimum surface air temperatures over China

Changes in the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) surface air temperatures and the associated temperature extremes have severe consequences on human society and the natural environment. In this study, we assess vegetation effects on mean Tmax and Tmin over China by computing a vegetation feedback parameter using the satellite-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and observed temperatures for the period 1982–2002. In all seasons, vegetation exerts a much stronger forcing on Tmax than on Tmin, and thus has a substantial effect on the diurnal temperature range (DTR) over China. Significant positive feedbacks on Tmax and the DTR occupy many areas of China with the feedback parameters exceeding 1°C (0.1 NDVI)–1, while significant negative effects only appear over the summertime climatic and ecological transition zone of northern China and some other isolated areas. Also, the vegetation feedbacks are found to vary with season. In areas where significant feedbacks occur, vegetation contributes to typically 10%–30% of the total variances in Tmax, Tmin, and the DTR. These findings suggest that vegetation memory offers the potential for improving monthly-to-seasonal forecasting of Tmax and Tmin, and the associated temperature extremes over China. Meanwhile, the limitations and uncertainties of the study should be recognized.     

The methodology of quantitative assess economic output of climate change

A method is introduced in this paper to study the effect of future climatic change on the economy. The researchers determine the economic output of climate change from historical data, and provide a method to quantitatively predict economic output of climate change by an economic-climatic model. A historical reciprocating examination is used to analyze output data for various crops in eight agricultural areas in China and meteorological data from 160 observatories in China from 1980 to 2000. The results show that the methods used are reasonable to a certain extent and good in application.     

Construction of a novel economy-climate model

An attempt has been made to construct a novel economy-climate model by combining climate change research with agricultural economy research to evaluate the influence of global climate change on grain yields. The insertion of a climate change factor into the economic C-D (Cobb-Dauglas) production function model yields a novel evaluation model, which connects the climate change factor to the eco-nomic variation factor, and the performance and reasonableness of the novel evaluation model are also preliminarily simulated and verified.     

Assessment of the uncertainties in temperature change in China during the last century

We have used the China Homogenized Historic Temperature dataset and some long-term station series of the neighbor countries from CRUTEM3, a 5°×5° gridded dataset of monthly mean temperature since 1900, to provide a 107-year record of surface tem-perature trends and variability. We derived a comprehensive set of uncertainty estimates to accompany the data: measurement and sampling errors, uncertainties in temperature bias estimates, and uncertainties arising from limited observational coverage on large-scale averages have all been estimated. We reanalysed the temperature changes during the period of record. The best estimates of trends for 1900–2006 with uncertainties at 95% confidence range are about 0.09±0.017°C/decade for the year as a whole, and 0.14±0.021°C/decade, 0.11±0.021°C/decade, 0.04±0.017°C/decade, and 0.07±0.017°C/decade for winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively. For 1954–2006, the trends for annual, winter, spring, summer and autumn are: 0.26±0.032°C/decade, 0.35±0.046°C/decade, 0.25±0.051°C/decade, 0.16±0.037°C/decade and 0.22±0.055°C/decade. Winter saw the most significant warming trend in both 1900–2006 and 1954–2006, while during the most recent period (the satellite era, 1979–2006), all the seasons show similar warming trends: 0.45±0.13°C/decade, 0.51±0.11°C/decade, 0.52±0.16°C/decade, 0.37±0.10°C/decade and 0.50±0.16°C/decade for annual, winter, spring, summer and autumn. Trends arising from urbanization have been evaluated as less than 5% of the total warming trend for 1951–2001, so this bias was not removed.     

Generating 0.42 THz radiation from a second harmonic gyrotron

Gyrotrons are high powered coherent electromagnetic radiation sources, and are considered to be available powerful sources that have the potential to bridge the so-called terahertz gap. In the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, a second harmonic gyrotron has been designed, manufactured, and tested. The gyrotron generated radiation at a 0.423 THz frequency in 5μs pulses with an 8.1 Tesla magnetic field, with a power per pulse of about 4.4 kW. To date this is the highest frequency recorded for vacuum electronic devices in China. The gyrotron design, operation and measurements are presented.     

脉冲噪声滤波的无监督鲁棒递归最小二乘方法

在未知期望信号的条件下,提出一种能够抑制脉冲噪声的鲁棒递归最小二乘自适应滤波方法.与传统最小二乘法的代价函数不同,通过引入饱和非线性约束,降低可能出现的脉冲噪声对滤波器权值更新的影响.此外,提出一种多步预测器来重构滤波器的输入信号,通过比较判断滤波器输入信号可能受到脉冲噪声干扰时,采用预测值来替代原始观测信号.实验结果表明,提出的无监督鲁棒递归最小二乘自适应滤波方法在未受到脉冲噪声干扰时与传统的递归最小二乘法具有相近的收敛性能;在脉冲噪声条件下,传统递归最小二乘法和其他的无监督自适应滤波方法性能都变得很差,但本文提出的方法几乎未受到脉冲噪声的影响.     

2D TiO2/Ag3PO4异质结复合催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用溶剂热法制备了二维TiO₂纳米片（2D TiO₂）,然后通过原位生长法在其表面沉积Ag₃PO₄,得到2D TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄异质结复合光催化材料。通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、紫外可见分光光谱法（UV-Vis）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、N₂吸附-脱附法（BET）等手段对催化材料进行了表征,评价了2D TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄在可见光下催化降解罗丹明B （RhB）的性能,并结合荧光和电化学测试结果,提出了2D TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄的可见光催化机理。结果表明,2D TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄的吸附-光催化降解性能随着Ag₃PO₄含量的增加而提高;少量H₂O₂可以极大地提高2D TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄的光催化活性;光催化降解RhB过程中的主要活性物质是·OH和·O^-₂,异质结的存在使2D TiO₂/Ag₃PO₄具有比2D TiO₂更优异的光催化活性、电荷分离能力和更快的光电子转移速率。     

Co4S3纳米片的制备以及Fe3+掺杂对其电催化析氧性能的影响

采用溶剂热和超声剥离相结合的方法制备了超薄Co₄S₃纳米片,通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、X-射线衍射分析（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）等手段对其进行了结构和形貌的表征,并研究了其电催化产氧性能。结果表明,Co₄S₃纳米片在电流密度为10 mA/cm²下的过电势为377 mV,塔菲尔（Tafel）斜率为64.47 mV/dec;溶剂热过程中反应温度和溶剂比对产物的析氧反应（OER）催化活性影响不大,但是Fe³⁺的掺杂可以显著降低Co₄S₃纳米片的析氧过电势和Tafel斜率,提高材料的电催化稳定性。最后通过X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析了Fe³⁺的掺杂对Co₄S₃纳米片OER性能影响的机理。