—取代联苯系电取代反应定位规则共振论观

—取代联苯发生亲电取代反应时,当取代基为产生-I-C效应的吸电基或供电基在联苯环上4-位或2-位时,第二个取代基主要进入,未有取代基的苯环的邻位和对位,以对位为主.若取代基为产生-I>+C效应的吸电基或供电基在联苯环上3-位时,第二个取代基主要进入有取代基的苯环的邻位和对位,以对位为主.     

甲基取代基的诱导效应、共轭效应和定位效应

以取代苯苯环碳原子化学位移为依据,用曾经设定并初步证实的甲基诱导效应和共轭效应参数,讨论了甲基取代基的诱导效应、共轭效应及定位效应.化学位移值表示的诱导效应参数表明甲基具有吸电子诱导效应,经校正后的化学位移值表示的共轭效应参数表明甲基具有微弱的给电子共轭效应,甚至其共轭效应有可能正处于给电子和吸电子的临界状态,总之相对于氢原子,甲基具有吸电子效应.甲基有较强的对位定位效应和较弱的邻位定位效应,在适宜条件下间位也有可能发生取代反应.     

氯化铁催化邻炔基苯甲酸酯环化反应合成异香豆素

以12,-二氯乙烷为溶剂,氯化铁能有效催化邻炔基苯甲酸酯环化反应合成3-取代的异香豆素.考察了催化剂种类及用量和反应温度等因素对产率的影响,研究了不同结构底物对反应的容忍性.通过熔点测定、GC-MSI、R和NMR等手段对产物进行分析检测,表征了产物的结构.实验结果表明:当催化剂FeCl3的用量为50 mol%,以1,2-二氯乙烷作溶剂,在反应温度80℃的最佳条件下,邻苯乙炔基苯甲酸酯环化反应合成3-苯基异香豆素的产率高达96%.通过取代基对环化反应的影响研究发现,苯环上和炔烃上的官能团都不会影响反应的发生,尤其是底物的苯环上具有吸电子基团的产率要明显高于供电子基团,反应底物的适应范围比较广泛.该催化体系具有操作简单、价格低廉、选择性好等优点.     

苯并香豆素酯及其衍生物的电子结构与光谱性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函和单激发组态相互作用理论方法研究苯并香豆素酯及其衍生物的电子结构和光谱性质.结果发现,由于取代基的吸和给电子作用,含有吸电子取代基的苯并香豆素酯的HOMO-LUMO(最高占据轨道-最低空轨道)能隙、热稳定性和抗氧化性提高,而含有给电子取代基的苯并香豆素酯的HOMO-LUMO能隙、热稳定性和抗氧化性降低.在苯香豆素酯的苯环部分引入吸电子或给电子取代基均使吸收和荧光光谱发生红移.     

碳碳碳氮共轭双烯的Diels-Alder反应的研究

2-苯乙烯基苯骈咪唑及其衍生物与马来酸酐反应,均得到Diels-Alder反应产物,当苯环对位上被给电子基团取代时(如—OCH_3,—Cl,—N(CH_3)_2),反应比较容易发生;当苯环对位被吸电子基团取代时(—NO_2),反应进行得比较慢些。这个结论与碳碳共轭双烯的Diels-Alder反应规律是一致的。     

一种新的苯磺酰脲类除草剂的合成

以N-正丁基-2-甲酯基-5-甲基苯磺酰胺(Ⅰ)和N-(4,6-二甲氧基嘧啶-2-基)苯基氨基甲酸酯为主要原料合成了N-(4,6-二甲氧基嘧啶-2-基)-N′-(5-乙酰胺甲基-2-甲酯基苯磺酰基)脲(Ⅶ). 与N-溴琥珀酰亚胺反应,得到N-正丁基-5-溴甲基-2-甲酯基苯磺酰胺(Ⅱ),产率60%; 和叠氮化钠反应得N-正丁基-5-叠氮甲基-2-甲酯基苯磺酰胺(Ⅲ),产率73%; 经催化加氢得N-正丁基-5-氨甲基-2-甲酯基苯磺酰胺(Ⅳ),产率75%; 用乙酰氯酰化得N-正丁基-5-乙酰胺甲基-2-甲酯基苯磺酰胺(Ⅴ),产率90%; 经取代得5-乙酰胺甲基-2-甲酯基苯磺酰胺(Ⅵ),产率77%; 和N-(4,6-二甲氧基嘧啶-2-基)苯基氨基甲酸酯缩合,得到,产率63%.     

一取代联苯系电取代反应定位规则的共振论观

一取代联苯发生亲电取代反应时，当取代基为产生－Ｉ－Ｃ效应的吸电基或供电基在联苯环上４－位或２－位时，第二个取代基主要进入，未有取代基的苯环的邻位和对位，以对位为主。若取代基为产生－Ｉ〉＋Ｃ效应的吸电基或供电基在联苯环上３－位时，第二个取代基主要进入有取代基的苯环的邻位和对位，以对位为主。     

活性炭纤维吸附酚类化合物的影响因素

研究了酚类化合物在活性炭纤维上的吸附作用及其影响因素.苯酚在活性炭纤维上的吸附符合Freundlich等温式.升高温度时,苯酚吸附量降低;在pH＝5.9时,苯酚吸附量达到最大值;氧促使苯酚与活性炭纤维表面的官能团发生氧化聚合反应,增大了苯酚吸附量;苯环上的取代基及其位置也影响吸附,吸电子基增加吸附量,给电子基降低吸附量;溶解度也影响酚类化合物的吸附作用.     

C-H---π相互作用本质的理论研究

在MP2/6-311G(d,p)水平上,对甲烷与甲苯、苯甲醚、苯硫酚、苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺等给电子取代苯之间以及甲烷与氟苯、氯苯、溴苯、碘苯、三氟甲基苯、苯甲酸乙酯、苯甲基甲酮和三氯甲基苯等吸电子取代苯之间可能存在的几何构型进行了全自由度能量梯度优化,采用SAPT对所得到的所有稳定构型的相互作用能进行了能量分解研究。结果表明,复合物的相互作用能随苯环上取代基团的给电子能力的增强(或吸电子能力的增强)而有不同程度的增大,色散作用在此类相互作用中占主导地位。     

乙烯氧基在苯乙烯醚亲电取代反应中的定位效应

从理论上研究了苯乙烯醚的电子结构,结果表明,苯乙烯醚的乙烯氧基在空间的位置影响苯乙烯醚的原子电荷分布和能量,从而影响苯乙烯醚的亲电取代反应.苯乙烯醚的O-Ph键旋转,形成不同构象之间的最大与最小体系能量值之差ΔE仅0.005 402 a.u..当O₁₂-C₁C₁₃与苯环垂直时,体系能量最低,为稳定的优势构象.苯乙烯醚中乙烯氧基表现为吸电基,它的作用使邻位碳原子的负电荷比苯环碳原子多,邻位亲电取代反应中间体最稳定,反应的途径最有利,乙烯氧基主要表现为邻、对位定位基.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the