CdCl_2气相退火对CdTe/CdS太阳能电池的影响

对CdTe薄膜进行CdCl2 热处理是制备高效率CdTe/CdS多晶太阳能薄膜电池的关键步骤 .研究了CdTe薄膜CdCl2 气相热处理 ,用XRD ,SEM表征热处理前后薄膜的结构、晶粒尺寸、晶格常数及能带宽度的变化 .比较研究了有无CdCl2 热处理的CdTe薄膜的结构差异 .CdCl2 热处理对CdTe/CdS异质结界面互扩散的影响 ,比较研究了有无CdCl2 热处理时 ,对CdTe/CdS太阳能薄膜电池的光I-V特性曲线的影响 .     

CdTe薄膜的制备和后处理研究

用近空间升华法制备CdTe薄膜，研究了在不同衬底材料、基片温度下薄膜的微结构、衬底温度在400℃以上薄膜结晶状况较为完整。结晶状况较好的CdS薄膜上生长的CdTe薄膜晶粒较大，尺寸均匀。对CdTe薄膜进行了加热后处理研究。结果表明，加用CdCl2有助于热处理过程中薄膜晶粒的生长。     

热处理和KOH腐蚀对CdS/CdTe太阳电池性能的影响

本文研究了热处理和KOH腐蚀对CdS/CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池性能的影响。结果表明,CdTe薄膜在沉积过程中或沉积后进行热处理,都可有效地改善器件的工作性能;Au/CdTe接触前对CdTe膜进行KOH腐蚀,能改善欧姆接触特性;蒸Au后的热处理及迅速冷却也能使欧姆接触特性得到进一步的改善。     

Au/Au-Be与GaP欧姆接触的表面分析

用表面方法(SEM,SAM,XPS)研究了在不同温度热处理后Au/Au Be与GaP接触的特性.结果显示,Au Be与GaP接触的界面特性强烈地依赖于热处理温度.经550℃热处理过的界面均匀、平整,其I V特性斜率大,接触电阻小;经较高温度(580℃)热处理过的表面有结晶团状物产生,晶粒变粗,接触电阻增大.AES和XPS分析表明,经540～550℃温度热处理后,界面生成Au Ga P化合物;Be原子由表面向界面扩散,在界面处出现最大值.     

纳米晶镍涂层与基体的界面扩散研究

在不同温度下（150℃～500℃）对电沉积纳米晶镍镀层与低碳钢基体进行低温扩散退火热处理。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的背散射电子（BSE）像及附带的能量色散谱（EDS）考察了热处理后样品中涂层与基体界面上的相结构变化及过渡层的形成。结果表明,在250℃－500℃范围进行低温扩散退火可以有效促使纳米晶镍涂层与基体界面上原子的互扩散,形成扩散过渡层,同时界面上形成了新的相结构。     

p—GaP／Au—Sb／Au—Zn体系的接触界面

采用X光电子能谱(XPS)研究了Au-Zn/Au-Sb与p-GaP接触体系的界面结构及其组分随着A_r~ 溅射刻蚀深度的变化,实验结果表明,在一定的合金温度下由于GaP和Au-Zn/Au-Sb层之间金属-半导体互扩散生成Au-Ga反应层,GaSb化合物并含有Zn的原子,Zn内扩散使界面形成一个较高掺杂浓度的再生长层,可改善M-S欧姆接触性质,此外,界面上还有碳、氧杂质的沾污,有效地清除半导体表面氧化层对于制好欧姆电极是重要的。     

NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与镍基高温合金基体的界面高温互扩散行为

采用真空等离子体喷涂技术(vacuum plasma spraying, VPS)在镍基高温合金GH3128基体表面沉积NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层,并在1 100 ℃进行不同时间的热处理。采用扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscopy,SEM）、能谱仪（energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS）等分析NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与GH3128高温合金界面元素的互扩散行为。结果表明,在热处理过程中,互扩散区(interdiffusion zone,IDZ)和二次反应区(secondary reaction zone,SRZ)的厚度随着热处理时间延长而增大,且在SRZ中明显观察到拓扑密堆(topological close-packed,TCP)相晶粒的生长。Al、Ta、Co元素由NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层向GH3128高温合金扩散,Ni、W、Mo元素由GH3128高温合金向NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层扩散。依据EDS检测的粘结层/基体界面处元素成分,计算出上述元素在界面处的扩散系数,掌握了各元素在高温热处理过程中的扩散速率,揭示了VPS制备的NiCoCrAlYTa粘结层与GH3128高温合金界面处元素在高温下的互扩散规律。     

扩散连接Al/Ni/0Cr18Ni9Ti复合材料的界面组织

选取纯Ni箔作过渡层,采用真空热压扩散工艺,在加热温度480℃、压力10 MPa、真空度1.0×10-2Pa的工艺条件下,制备了变形铝合金2024和不锈钢0Cr18Ni9Ti双金属复合材料.利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度仪等测试分析方法,对双金属复合材料的2个连接界面及基体进行了组织、性能分析.结果表明:不锈钢/纯Ni界面形成了宽约8μm的互扩散区,但其过渡区无金属间化合物生成;Al/Ni界面生成了宽约4μm的扩散过渡区,过渡区的相组成为金属间化合物Al3Ni2、Al3Ni及Al3Ni5.     

SiC/Mo界面反应的微观结构及对Mo力学性能的影响

采用XRD、SEM分析测试方法研究在600~1200℃和1800℃真空热处理2 h条件下SiC/Mo界面反应层微观结构,并对SiC/Mo界面反应前后Mo金属的力学性能进行比较。研究表明：在800和1000℃热处理后,Mo与SiC分解的C在表面反应生成Mo2C;在1200℃热处理后Mo表面出现了Mo2C和Mo3Si相,以亚微米颗粒状反应层结构存在;当1800℃热处理后出现了Mo5Si3、Mo5Si3C以及扩散未分解的SiC。采用EDS方法在SiC/Mo界面反应层的断口处确定出Si扩散深度大于C。在600~1200℃热处理后,SiC/Mo界面反应对Mo金属的维氏硬度和延伸率均增大,而拉伸强度改变较小。     

铝/铜复合界面金属间化合物

冷轧复合板轧制后要进行一定的热处理以加强界面的结合强度,但同时也带来一定的问题如在界面形成不利于界面结合的化合物,本文对冷轧制备的铝/铜层状双金属片进行了研究,得到了不同退火温度和退火时间下扩散热处理后界面金属间化合物相的生长规律,初步建立了金属间化合物形成的动力学模型.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.