长白山野生百合迁地保护与可持续发展技术

对长白山野生百合进行了资源调查和引种驯化,结果发现:百合的病害较多,大多数品种喜肥并需遮阴;可进行有性繁殖和无性繁殖,卷丹可利用腋球繁殖,有性繁殖种子需进行暖温处理.无性繁殖种球形成时间短,退化现象少于有性繁殖.培育基质为沙壤土.人工栽培的长白山野生百合在鳞茎的生长、观花、赏叶方面明显优于自然生长的野生百合.研究结果可为开发利用长白山野生百合资源提供技术支持.     

长白山区毛百合引种栽培试验及繁育技术

毛百合(Lilium dauricm)抗寒性强,是园林杂交育种的重要野生种源,具有较高经济价值.通过引种栽培试验,研究长白山区毛百合的形态学特征、地理分布、生态习性、繁育技术.结果发现:在长白山区,人工栽培毛百合的生长性状优于野生自然生长的毛百合;引种栽培后病害较多;有性繁殖与无性繁殖均可获得大量种源.     

百合种间杂交组合的试验研究

用6种不同的授粉方法对百合野生种种间、栽培种间杂交亲和性进行试验研究,得到杂交亲和性较好的杂交组合(布鲁拉诺×渥丹、毛百合×细叶百合、垂花百合×细叶百合)的有胚率分别为3.05%、6.50%和6.08%,杂交亲和性很差的杂交组合(兰州百合×卷丹)的有胚率为0.00%.同时发现,百合种花柱的长短和粗细对切割花柱授粉法中蒴果的膨胀程度有不同的影响,提出百合种间杂交育种较为合适的授粉方法.     

长白山区大花百合生长习性与人工驯化栽培技术

通过驯化栽培试验研究大花百合繁育、生长物候、田间管理技术.结果显示:大花百合野生于湿地,人工旱地驯化可以正常生长;喜氮磷钾平衡型肥料,群花期40 d以上;有性繁殖与无性繁殖获取种源少,生长期建议遮阳50%;病害少,虫害主要是东方蝼蛄,易咬食大花百合根茎及鳞茎;人工栽培大花百合的生长性状优于野生自然生长.     

豫南野生百合人工栽培试验初报

采掘豫南山区野生百合鳞茎,小鳞茎直接用作种球,大鳞茎用鳞片繁殖 2~3年后成种球 将种球分别定植于沿淮 7年生板栗园林下的沙壤土和向阳坡地的粘质土壤, 3年后采收 结果表明,野生百合在人工栽培条件下生长发育良好,植株高度、鳞茎产量、大鳞茎比率明显优于其原产地 不同生态条件下的栽培试验,生长在林下沙壤土比生长于坡地上的百合植株高 9. 0~12. 6cm,增产鳞茎 5. 48% ~12. 01%,大鳞茎比率下降1. 8% ~3. 9%     

遮阴对播种当年草地早熟禾生长的影响

以播种当年的草坪为研究对象,从苗期开始对草坪草进行梯度遮阴处理,观测草坪草的生长情况研究结果表明,遮阴促进植株的高生长,并且随遮阴强度增加,株高的生长呈先增后降的变化规律,以遮阴45%的株高最高;植株的单株重量以不遮阴的全光照最重,并且随遮阴增加单株重逐渐下降;根系长度也逐渐变短,地卜的枝条密度与单株重的变化一致.遮阴度过高对草地早熟禾草坪的生长和建成有严重影响.     

遮阴处理对白及生长特性及品质的影响

以一年生白及苗为试验材料,设定4个光照梯度,对其物候、形态建成、块茎品质进行研究。发现遮阴对白及物候特征的影响非常明显,遮阴处理下的白及生长物候均有所推迟,尤其表现在中度(50%遮荫度)和重度遮荫(75%遮荫度);遮荫对白及的形态建成造成了显著影响,各遮荫处理下茎高差异显著,随遮阴程度的加重而呈现增加趋势,表现出对低光照的适应性;各处理下茎粗及叶宽的变化差异显著,随遮阴程度加重呈现下降趋势;遮荫对其品质产生了差异性影响,在中度遮荫(50%遮荫度)下多糖和苹果酸脂含量最优。综上,结合品质需求,建议在白及栽培过程中采用中度遮荫(50%遮荫度)较为合适。     

不同阶段的弱光对西瓜果实品质的影响

在温室条件下,对吊蔓栽培的小西瓜"西圆一号"进行早春栽培,在果实生长期对植株进行不同阶段的光照强度处理(遮光后光强为自然光的40%),并分别测定西瓜果实的鲜重、体积、品质、可溶性固形物含量,结果表明:在果实生长初期遇到弱光对果实鲜重影响最大;越是在生长后期遮阴,对西瓜品质影响越小;每个处理的可溶性固形物含量基本一致。     

安顺地区百合种质资源调查与鉴定

目的对安顺地区野百合、通江百合和南川百合进行种质资源调查,观察其生长环境和生物学性状,并采集标本进行种类鉴定,带回种子进行保存。方法选用线路调查,在调查范围内按不同方向选择几条具有代表性的调查路线,对安顺市各个地区进行调查。结果通江百合在安顺分布范围最广、数量最多,几乎遍布安顺市的各个地方;且野百合只分布在镇宁和龙宫两个地区,分布较狭窄;而南川百合只有在紫云格凸河才有发现,可以说分布最少。结论由于现在的野生百合种类已经接近绝迹了,所以要寻找当地特色百合资源并对其种子进行收集与保护,以期能更有效地保护安顺地区的野生百合物种,使安顺地区的百合观赏事业得到提升。     

新铁炮百合生长发育特性研究

新铁炮百合是百合切花生产的新品种,试验通过新铁炮百合不同的播种期、不同的定植期对百合生长及花期品质的影响进行观察,研究其在福建气候下的生长发育特性,旨在为新铁炮百合的切花生产和栽培管理提供理论依据.试验结果表明:在福建漳州,新铁炮百合的适宜播种期为10月下旬至12月下旬;若未能按预定时间播种,可由晚播但适宜的定植期克服迟播的不利影响,具有一定的应用价值.     

粤北山区9株香菇菌株酯酶和过氧化物同工酶的研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳技术对粤北地区的9个香菇菌株的酯酶和过氧化物同工酶进行了研究。在9个菌株的酯酶同工酶电泳图谱中,2个野生菌株与7个栽培菌株间的酶带数量、浓淡宽窄差异较大：进一步用UP-GMA平均链锁程序进行聚类分析发现,相似系数为0.3时野生菌株与栽培菌株才能归为一大类。相似系数为0.6时栽培菌株可归为一大类,相似系数为0.72时9个菌株可以分为5大类9个菌株过氧化物同工酶酶带均为1条。酶带浓淡和宽窄有差异,野生香菇的酶带最浓最宽。结果表明：粤北香菇资源丰富,遗传差异较大,特别是野生香菇菌株具有较大的开发利用价值;且酯醯和过氧化物同工酶对香菇菌株的分类、鉴定和遗传标记等方面都具有参考价值。     

Can transgenic rice cause ecological risks through transgene escape?

Alien transgene escape from genetically engineered rice to non-transgenic varieties or close wild relatives (including weedy rice) may lead to unpredictable ecological risks. However, for transgene escape to occur three conditions need to be met: (i) spatially, transgenic rice and its non-transgenic counterparts or wild relatives should have sympatric distributions; (ii) temporally, the flowering time of transgenic rice and the non-transgenic varieties or wild relatives should overlap; and (iii) biologically, transgenic rice and its wild relative species should have such a sufficiently close relationship that their interspecific hybrids can have normal generative reproduction. This paper presents research data on the geographic distribution, flowering habits, interspecific hybridization, and gene flow of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) and its closely related wild relatives containing the AA genome. The objective is to estimate the possibility of transgene escape to non-transgenic rice varieties and wild relatives of rice, which may result in unpredictable ecological risks.     

野生与野生抚育猫爪草药材的分析比较研究

对野生与野生抚育猫爪草药材进行理化鉴别、薄层色谱试验、紫外光谱试验、多糖和氨基酸含量测定试验。结果表明,野生和野生抚育猫爪草的主要成分基本一致;在多糖含量上,野生猫爪草为14.1%,比野生抚育猫爪草的10%左右略高;野生与野生抚育猫爪草的氨基酸种类基本一致,野生猫爪草的总氨基酸含量为7.19%,比野生抚育的9%～10%稍低。野生猫爪草与野生抚育猫爪草基本一致,无明显差异,野生抚育猫爪草的有害物质检测符合规定。     

Genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and evolutionary relationship among ecotypes of Glycine max and G. soja in China

The knowledge of origin and evolution of cultivated soybeans is one of the basic issues in both biology and agronomy of the crop. In order to investigate the nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and genetic relationship among geographic ecotypes of cultivated （Glycine max） and wild （G. soja） soybeans, the allelic profiles at 60 nuclear simple-sequence repeat （nuSSR） loci and 11 chloroplastic SSR （cpSSR） loci evenly distributed on whole genome of 393 landraces and 196 wild accessions from nation-wide growing areas in China were analyzed. （i） The genetic diversity of the wild soybean was obviously larger than that of the cultivated soybean, with their nuSSR and cpSSR alleles as 1067 vs. 980 and 57 vs 44, respectively. Of the 980 nuclear alleles detected in the cultivated soybean, 377 new ones （38.5%） emerged, while of the 44 chloroplastic alleles in the cultivated soybean, seven new ones （15.9%） emerged after domestication. （ii） Among the cultivated geographic ecotypes, those from southern China, including South-Central China, Southwest China and South China possessed relatively great genetic diversity than those from northern China, while among the wild geographic ecotypes, the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity. （iii） The analysis of molecular variance, association analysis between geographic grouping and molecular marker clustering and analysis of specific-present alleles of ecotypes demonstrated that the geographic differentiation of both cultivated and wild soybeans associated with their genetic differentiation, or in other words, had their relevant genetic bases. （iv） The cluster analysis of all accessions clearly showed that the wild accessions from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys and South-Central ＆ Southwest China had relatively small genetic distances with all cultivated accessions. The UPGMA dendrogram among geographic ecotypes further showed that the genetic distances between all cultivated ecotypes and the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype were smaller than those with other wild ones, including their local wild counterparts. Therefore, it is inferred that the wild ancestors in southern China, especially those from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys might be the common ancestor of all the cultivated soybeans.     

Genetic diversity and geographic pattern of wild lotus （Nelumbo nucifera） in Heilongjiang Province

1MATERIALS AND METHODS1.1PLANT MATERIALS FROM AUGUST TO SEPTEMBER IN2004,WE TRAVELED EX-TENSIVELY IN HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE LOOKING FOR THE WILD LOTUS.THE WILD LOTUS WAS FOUND AT40LOCALITIES AND49ACCESSIONS OF SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AT THESE LOCALITIES(FIG…     

Plant genetics. Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests

Early domestication and extensive cultivation have meant that staple Mediterranean fruit crops such as olives, grapes and dates exist in wild-looking forms that are secondary derivatives produced by sexual reproduction among cultivated plants (cultivars), which were initially propagated vegetatively. By using genetic markers associated with characters that render plants unsuitable for domestication, we show here that genuinely wild olive trees, which cannot be distinguished morphologically from feral forms, still survive in a few Mediterranean forests. These wild stocks are genetically distinct and more variable than either the crop strains or their derived feral forms, a finding that has important implications for the conservation of these ancient lineages.     

野大豆与栽培大豆愈伤组织耐盐性比较

野大豆(Glycine soja)是唯一能与栽培大豆(Glycine max)杂交而后代能育的野生近缘种,具有极强的耐盐碱性,利用野大豆与栽培大豆有性杂交,结合离体组织培养技术,进行耐盐性变异体的离体筛选,是提高大豆耐盐性的一种有效途径。本研究选择5种栽培大豆品种和从黄河三角洲地区(山东东营)获得的野大豆,进行了大豆成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及愈伤组织耐盐性研究。结果显示,不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下,野大豆愈伤组织的存活率明显高于栽培大豆,与对照相比鲜重下降幅度明显低于栽培大豆;Na Cl胁迫下,野大豆愈伤组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显高于栽培大豆愈伤组织,MDA含量明显低于栽培大豆,表明野大豆愈伤组织耐盐性明显优于栽培大豆。该研究为耐盐大豆新品种培育提供了理论依据。     

野山人参和栽培人参的DALP指纹图谱

采用DALP分子标记技术寻找野山人参和栽培人参DNA之间的特异性差异．选取10个野山人参和5个栽培人参(包括一个移山参),通过改进微量人参DNA提取的方法和优化DALP—PCR实验体系,得到了人参的DALP指纹图谱．图谱显示,野山人参的遗传多样性远高于栽培人参,野山人参与栽培人参图谱存在差异,且各自存在一条特异性条带．结果表明,DALP分子标记技术可以用来进行野山人参和栽培人参的遗传差异研究．     

浙江天童不同生境和攀援方式对葛藤有性生殖特征的影响初探

通过对葛藤在2种生境条件及2种攀援方式下，每个花序的平均开花数量、座果数量、种子数、单果平均干重以及座果率等有性生殖特征的数量化比较分析，探讨了不同的生境条件和攀援方式对葛藤的有性生殖特征的影响，结果表明：1）各样地葛藤种群所处立地资源差异，导致各种群在有性生殖特征（开花数量、座果数量、种子数量及座果率）的数量特征方面差异显著，尤其是生长在阳生、水分充裕的生境条件下，为攀援植物体的种群与生活在荫生环境、为匍匐植物体的种群之间差异最为显著。与荫生、无支持木的种群相比，阳生而且攀援的种群的座果率是其40倍之多，平均座果数量是其53倍，平均种子数量是其70倍，平均开花数量比它高30％；2）当攀援方式作为主导因子时，葛藤生殖特征所产生的差异更显著于生境条件作为主导因子时的差异；3）对有性生殖特征进行相关性分析．葛藤的座果率与开花数量负相关、与座果数量正相关；单果序的座果数量与种子数量和开花数量呈正相关关系。