基于标准化方法的峰峰煤矿塌陷区农田表层土壤重金属污染评价研究

为进一步评估煤矿塌陷对农田土壤环境的影响,文章系统采集测试了煤矿塌陷区农田表层土壤39件,运用标准化方法对重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn进行了污染评价研究。结果表明峰峰煤炭塌陷区农田表层土壤重金属元素均值均高于全国土壤环境背景均值。表层土壤重金属元素污染组合特征为:元素Pb、Cr、As和Ni为一族;元素Hg、Cd、Zn、Cu为一族。表层土壤明显受到了重金属元素Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn的污染。重金属元素Hg的污染程度以轻度为主,中度为辅;重金属元素As、Cd、Cu和Zn为点状轻度污染。     

江西省南丰蜜桔土壤重金属特征评价及源解析

为了了解江西南丰蜜桔土壤环境条件,通过Excel、Arcgis软件、单因子污染、Nemerow综合污染和潜在生态风险分别对南丰蜜桔表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni等重金属的含量统计、空间分布、污染特征及来源进行了评价和分析.结果表明,表层土壤重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu和Zn均值含量高于江西省土壤背景值.所有重金属元素的平均值均未超过国家农用地土壤污染风险控制标准的筛选值.频率直方图显示Cd、Cu和Hg的分布呈右偏,而Cr、As、Hg、Pb、Zn和Ni的分布接近正态分布.土壤污染特征评价结果表明,Cr和Ni的单因子污染评价为安全范围;Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu和Zn均有不同程度的单因子污染,但总体污染程度较低.Nemerow综合污染指数显示,重度重金属污染主要集中在城区工业园区附近以及研究区的东北部和中南部.Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Zn和Ni的潜在生态风险评价属于轻微生态风险,而Cd和Hg存在不同程度的潜在风险.综合潜在生态风险评价强风险和极强风险主要分布在城区工业园附近和中南部.Cd、Hg、As和Cu的空间分布相似,含量高值出现在城区工业园区附近;Pb、Zn和Ni的空间分布相似,含量高值出现在东南部,Cr的含量高值出现在东北部和东南部.根据Pearson相关矩阵、主成分分析和主成分-绝对主成分得分受体模型分析表明,Cr和Ni主要来自自然源,Cd、Hg、As和Cu主要来自工业活动,Pb和Zn主要来自农业活动,部分Pb来自交通源,南丰蜜桔表层土壤环境质量总体良好.     

小清河表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征与污染风险评价

以小清河表层沉积物为研究对象,在上、中、下游分别采集6个表层沉积物样品,对沉积物理化性质及Cr、 Pb、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Ni、 As、 Hg共8种重金属含量进行测试,并利用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行污染风险评价。结果表明:小清河表层沉积物中重金属Cr、 Pb、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Ni、 As、 Hg元素质量比均值分别为196.65、 53.45、 51.76、 470.43、 2.76、 36.07、 0.58 mg/kg,均超过小清河沿岸土壤重金属环境背景值,Hg、 Cd元素含量均值分别是环境背景值的11.81、 16.87倍,分布存在空间差异性,主要污染源自人类活动;单项重金属潜在生态风险系数E~i_r均值由大到小依次为Cd、 Hg、 As、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 Ni、 Cr,潜在生态风险指数的均值为1 185,达到强生态风险;小清河表层沉积物中的Pb、 Cu、 Cd、 Cr、 As和Hg这6种重金属长期处于高富集状态。     

黄石典型城市小型浅水湖泊沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

采集青山湖(4号湖)18个样点共计50个沉积物样品,分析了Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、Hg、As和Zn等8种重金属的分布特征,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行生态风险评价.结果显示,除Hg和Ni外,其它重金属的平均含量均超出湖北省A层土壤元素背景值以及全国土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)的限值,以Cd污染最严重,其次依次为Cu、Zn、Pb、As等;且每种重金属空间分布的差异性不大.内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,青山湖沉积物大部分重金属指标处于V级严重污染状态,污染程度由高至低依次为:Cd Cu Pb Zn As Cr Ni;地累积指数评价表明,沉积物重金属污染程度由高至低依次为:Cd Cu Zn Pb As Cr Ni;潜在生态危害指数评价表明,青山湖所有样点重金属均表现出很强的潜在生态风险,风险由强到弱依次为:Cd Cu Pb As Zn Ni Cr,其中Cd的生态风险贡献率达90.25%.研究表明,青山湖沉积物重金属污染严重,其中Cd为最主要的污染元素,潜在生态风险极高,其次为Cu、Pb、Zn、As.     

天台耕地土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

文章通过在天台县耕地范围土壤中系统采集3 588件表层土壤样品,分析As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn和Mn等9种元素质量比特征,采用皮尔逊相关系数分析确定重金属之间的相关性,并对土壤重金属污染程度、土壤重金属元素生态环境潜在危害及其对人类健康的影响进行评价。研究区范围重金属具有从中到高的变异系数,且分布极不均匀,As、Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn等土壤重金属空间异常主要受人为活动影响,通过主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)发现Cr-Ni-Cu、Cd-Pb-Zn分别具有同源组合特征。土壤污染评价结果发现,研究区主要污染元素为Cd和Ni。生态风险评价结果显示,各元素潜在生态环境危害以低风险为主,Cd、Hg和Ni元素存在少量中度及以上的潜在生态环境危害风险;然而,在重金属对人类健康的影响方面,As和Pb的影响最大,且儿童受影响风险超过成人。     

雪鸡坪-春都铜矿区土壤重金属污染评价

以香格里拉县雪鸡坪-春都铜矿区土壤为研究对象,分析长期采矿活动对表层土壤重金属含量的影响.通过对矿区土壤的重金属(Cd,Hg,As,Cu,Cr,Zn,Pb)含量进行测定,以国家土壤环境质量3级标准和云南省土壤背景值为评价标准,采用内梅罗综合指数法分析矿区土壤的重金属污染现状,运用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行潜在生态风险评估.结果表明:矿区长期开采活动导致Hg,As,Pb,Zn,Cu这5种重金属含量高于云南省土壤背景值,Hg,As,Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd这6种重金属含量高于全国土壤背景值;Cu的单因子污染指数值最高,污染水平超标,为该矿区土壤的主要污染元素;综合土壤环境指数为1.14,土壤受到轻度污染;矿区Hg元素具有强的生态危害,Cu元素具有中等生态危害,其余元素为轻微生态危害,综合生态危害指数为226.22,整体上该矿区的生态风险属于中等水平.     

吴忠市表层土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

为查明吴忠市土壤重金属的污染现状及来源,测定了区内100个表层土壤样品中8种重金属Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd、Zn、As、Hg的含量。对比背景值可知,除Ni外其它重金属均有不同程度的富集,其中Cd富集最严重;采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价法对土壤重金属进行污染程度及风险评价。结果表明吴忠市土壤重金属的环境总体处于无污染,总体生态危害程度处于中等,Cd和Hg是构成生态危害的主要风险因子,吴忠市土壤重金属的潜在生态危害主要是受到城区的生活、生产活动和部分农业用地区域的农耕活动影响。运用多元统计分析对吴忠市土壤重金属来源进行研究,结果表明Cu、Pb、Zn主要来源于交通运输产生的污染;Ni主要受成土母质、地形、气候等自然因素控制,Cr、As为成土母质和农业污染混合来源,Cd主要来源于农业活动造成的污染。     

三门湾沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价

沉积物重金属污染对水生生态系统具有潜在危害。对取自三门湾的10个表层沉积物中的重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、Cr、As)元素进行了分析,探讨了其空间分布,运用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法,评价了表层沉积物中重金属的富集程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明:三门湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、Cr、As等重金属含量分布无明显规律;7种重金属中,以Cr的污染程度最高,平均污染系数为1.30,重金属污染程度由高到低依次是:Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Hg>Cd;潜在生态危害评价显示,重金属元素的潜在生态危害均属轻微,潜在生态危害程度顺序是Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn,对三门湾生态环境具有潜在影响的重金属元素主要是Hg。     

峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田土壤剖面重金素元素化学风化规律

采集峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田剖面土壤,通过测定分析不同埋深土壤重金属元素(As、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr、Cd、Zn和Hg)分布特征,利用质量平衡理论进行化学风化规律研究,探究塌陷驱动下剖面土壤重金属元素化学风化过程.结果 表明:峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田剖面土壤重金属元素Pb、Cd和As的含量超过国家农用地土壤污染风险管控标准,最大超标倍数分别为3.86、59.77、3.82;元素Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr和Hg未超标.重金属元素Cd和As可能在塌陷驱动下,受地表径流和雨水淋滤下渗影响,使得其含量自表层向下逐渐增加.表层土壤元素Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg迁入富集,元素Ni、As、Zn和Cd迁出淋滤;犁底层元素Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb迁出淋滤,Hg迁入富集,其余元素规律变化不明显.累积元素存在潜在风险,需要监控;淋滤元素存在直接风险,需要高度管控.实验结论为全面评估煤矿开采对土壤化学性能的影响,防治流域水土流失和保护区域生态环境提供科学依据.     

江西于都南部地区土壤重金属元素生态地球化学特征及其来源解析

为研究江西于都南部地区耕地土壤重金属污染状况,对所采集的表层土壤样品进行Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg等重金属元素测试,研究其空间分布特征,并采用多种评价模型开展生态评价。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg含量分别是于都县土壤背景值的1.18、1.24、1.69、1.41、5.79、1.25、2.27、1.41倍。单因子污染指数显示As、Cd污染最严重,是潜在生态风险最主要的贡献因子。内梅罗综合污染指数显示重金属超标率达20.7%。地累积指数显示As污染最严重,其次是Hg、Ni、Cd。8种重金属元素变异系数均为0.45～5.14,属强变异。相关性分析显示,除Hg外的其他重金属间相关性均较强,而且与pH存在显著或极显著正相关,因此可以通过调节土壤pH值,降低土壤中重金属元素的毒性。主成分分析结果显示,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As主要来源于人为采矿活动,Cr、Ni主要来源于土壤母质。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.