洪泽湖地区麦稻两熟农田和杨树林地氮磷径流流失特征研究

【目的】氮、磷的流失已成为农业面源污染的最重要来源之一。探究和比较麦稻两熟农田以及杨树林地的降雨径流特征、径流水中氮磷流失情况,为预防地表水富营养化提供参考。【方法】在洪泽湖河湖交汇区典型农田和林地设置径流池,进行了为期1年的地表径流以及氮磷流失监测。【结果】麦田、稻田与杨树林地产生径流的最小降雨量分别为4.2、3.3、22.8 mm,随着降雨量增大,杨树林地径流量增幅远小于农田。除了麦田总氮、硝态氮、总磷和可溶性磷流失量与降雨量相关性不明显外,其余各形态氮磷元素流失量基本随降雨量的增加而增加。麦田和杨树林地处在旱地状态下,其氮素流失分别以硝态氮为主,磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主; 而稻田处在淹水条件下,氮、磷的流失分别以铵态氮和可溶性磷为主。杨树林地氮磷流失量都比农田小,全年总氮、可溶性氮、硝态氮和铵态氮总流失量分别只有农田总流失量的22.61%、23.79%、23.46%、24.59%,总磷、可溶性磷和正磷酸盐总流失量只有农田总流失量的0.81%、0.77%、0.67%。【结论】与农田相比,林地能够更好地控制径流养分流失,可以在面源污染控制中发挥重要作用。     

模拟暴雨条件下杨麦复合系统氮、磷随地表径流流失特征分析

通过模拟降雨径流实验,在1.43 mm/min暴雨条件下,研究杨麦复合系统对氮、磷流失量、径流量和泥沙侵蚀量的影响及杨麦复合系统氮、磷随地表径流的流失特征。结果表明:杨麦复合系统与普通农田相比总氮流失量减少54.9%～89.1%、总磷流失量减少68.6%～88.9%、径流量减少56.7%～70.6%、泥沙侵蚀量减少52.1%～61.5%。杨麦复合系统地表径流中TN、DN的流失浓度先迅速下降然后上升;NO3--N在产流初期浓度变化不大,产流后期浓度增大;NH4+-N、TP和PP有相同的浓度变化趋势,即在产流初期浓度达到最大值,随产流时间的延长呈下降趋势。氮主要以溶解态流失,磷主要以颗粒态流失。     

不同农地利用方式下地表径流中氮的输出特征

选取太湖流域典型小流域,通过长期观测,研究了自然降雨过程引起不同农地利用方式下的地表径流氮流失特征.坡地上玉米—油菜轮作和蔬菜种植条件下氮的流失途径主要为土壤侵蚀,两种利用方式下的土壤侵蚀和径流氮流失都大大高于竹园和板栗园.土壤侵蚀和氮流失主要发生在6~9月降雨集中分布的梅雨和台风季节.稻田水旱轮作条件下,氮主要随农田排水流失,降雨时间和施肥等农事活动的间隔长短在很大程度上决定了氮的年流失量,3次最大的流失事件中氮的流失量可达到全年氮流失的70%以上,总体上稻田水旱轮作方式下氮的径流输出低于坡地旱地.     

Characteristics of N and P Loss in the Soil of Purple Sloping Farmland at Different Fertilization Levels

基于三峡库区自然降雨条件下3个连续雨季观测的径流试验数据,分析不同试验处理下坡耕地地表径流磷浓度及构成,探讨地表径流磷流失量的时间变化过程及分布差异。结果表明:颗粒态磷占磷流失总磷的70%以上,是地表径流磷流失的主要形式,5～6月磷流失量达到峰值;不施肥处理小区磷流失量最高,横坡垄作小区磷流失量最低;三峡库区增加地表植被覆盖程度能够有效减少坡耕地地表径流磷流失量,减缓种植业面源污染对地表水体产生的潜在富营养化威胁。     

梁子湖区农田地表径流氮磷流失空间分布特征

为了解梁子湖区地表径流氮磷流失空间分布特征,识别高风险种植模式和高风险区,采用遥感数据分析和流失系数法相结合进行研究.结果表明:研究区内5个镇农田氮、磷流失量分别为525.07 t和25.35 t,在常规施肥情况下,农田本底氮、磷流失量占全部流失量的比例分别为76.17%和75.30%,远高于当季施肥造成的流失.5个镇中涂家垴镇氮、磷流失量和流失强度相对较高.主要种植模式中,平地-旱地-园地的氮、磷流失量最高,分别占全区的58.86%和63.87%.平地氮、磷流失量最大,占全区的93.02%和92.72%.研究表明,涂家垴镇是研究区内氮磷流失高风险区,而平地-旱地-园地是氮磷流失风险最高的种植模式.     

辽河流域昌图县玉米地径流污染试验研究

随着化肥施用量的增大,农田径流污染引起的非点源污染问题日益严重.为加强对非点源污染的控制,并为农田径流污染研究提供依据,选取辽河流域玉米地进行小区试验,研究其在自然降雨条件下的径流流失.试验过程中共观测到28场降雨,获得5场出流数据.结果表明,对所选试验地点(坡度5%,种植玉米),降雨量在29.2mm以上时可能产生径流,形成非点源污染;在降雨产流条件下,氮、磷次降雨平均质量浓度(珋ρEMCs)与降雨量和降雨强度没有明显相关关系,总磷的流失量与降雨量呈明显的正相关关系.计算得到此次试验中玉米地的总氮、总磷和CODcr的输出系数分别为5.46、0.57、25.79kg·hm-2·a-1.     

紫色土坡耕地磷素径流流失特征分析

以径流小区定位监测为基础,研究了紫色土坡耕地在不同处理下坡耕地磷养分流失现状,研究磷养分流失与施肥量的关系,不同耕作方式对磷流失量的影响.研究结果表明:①磷素流失与降雨量、径流量呈现出一定的相关性,即同一时期内,降雨越多,产流越多,养分流失就越多;②不同的施肥水平下,总磷流失率随着施肥量的增加而增加,增量处理是优化处理时1.53倍.而可溶性磷的迁移与施肥条件没有明显的相关关系;③不同的耕作方式下,顺坡耕作的总磷流失率为横坡垄作的5.34倍;④玉米不同生育期,土壤总磷随地表径流迁移的强度其大小顺序各个处理表现为:抽雄开花期,拔节期,成熟期.     

不同降雨强度下三种典型农田土壤非点源氮输出研究

以河南淮河流域典型土壤砂姜黑土、褐土、潮土为对象，人工模拟0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mm/min降雨强度下径流产出、泥沙流失、氮元素输出状况，研究降雨强度与土壤类型对非点源氮元素输出的影响，为量化淮河流域农田非点源输出负荷、建立本地化非点源污染模型、制定区域非点源污染防治策略等提供依据.结果表明：降雨强度越大，径流量、泥沙流失量、氮元素输出负荷及其平均产出速率均较大；土壤类型对径流产出影响较小，对泥沙流失量与氮元素输出负荷有一定影响；径流中氮元素平均浓度以2.0 mm/min降雨强度时最大；三种土壤的累积氮元素输出负荷均随降雨强度的增大而增大，增加幅度较明显的降雨强度，砂姜黑土为1.0、2.5 mm/min，潮土为1.0、3.0 mm/min，褐土为1.5、3.0 mm/min；氮元素通过泥沙输出的量占总输出量的81.57%以上.降雨强度、土壤类型均对径流产出、泥沙流失、氮元素输出等产生影响，氮元素输出负荷具初期冲刷效应.控制产流初期氮流失与泥沙流失是减少农田非点源氮输出负荷的重要途径.     

基于KINEROS2对坡面径流侵蚀及总氮流失的模拟分析

坡面土壤侵蚀及养分流失是造成土地生产力下降、地表水体富营养化等环境问题的主要原因.采用物理模型对次降雨条件下坡面径流量、侵蚀量及养分流失量进行准确估算具有重要意义.本文通过不同降雨强度(20、50、75mm/h)、不同坡长(1、5、10、15、20m)下径流小区内人工模拟降雨试验,分析了坡面径流侵蚀特征及总氮(TN)流失特征,构建了估算坡面总氮流失量的经验模型,并将其嵌入基于次降雨的KINEROS2(A Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model)模型中进行模拟验证.结果表明:降雨强度是影响坡面径流率、侵蚀率及总氮流失率的主要因素;降雨强度、坡长及其交互作用与径流量、侵蚀量之间呈多项式关系(决定系数R~20.95);坡面总氮主要以结合态的形式流失,且坡面TN流失量与径流量、侵蚀量之间呈一元线性关系(R~20.92);KINEROS2对次降雨条件下坡面径流量、侵蚀量的模拟精度较高(相对误差RE,0.03%～11.31%);嵌入坡面TN流失模型的KINEROS2对径流中TN流失量、泥沙中TN流失量及坡面TN流失量模拟效果较好(R~20.91,纳什系数NSE0.76).     

采煤塌陷地土壤氮、磷季节性变化规律研究

以兖州煤矿塌陷地为研究对象,通过分层采集不同水文期的土壤样品,研究塌陷地积水区和非积水区氮、磷变化规律。结果表明,在季节性积水区一个水文年内,土壤中氮元素发生流失现象,全氮流失率达10.03%,碱解氮流失率达30.15%;全磷、速效磷发生沉积聚集现象,其中速效磷的积聚更明显。在非积水区,由于塌陷加剧土壤养分的表聚作用,促使全氮和碱解氮的流失减少。而全磷发生流失,流失率为15.24%。在垂向上,丰水期各指标含量减少的梯度平水期的梯度枯水期的梯度,在0~40cm深度,碱解氮流失率最高为50.6%,速效磷流失率最高为38.11%,在40~60cm变化幅度较小,在60cm深度之下,各指标逐渐成汇聚状态。判定60cm深度为土壤养分的塌陷影响深度。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with