南海北部深水油气新认识

 南海北部陆缘深水区由于陆缘地壳的强烈伸展减薄，形成了多个宽深断陷所构成的盆地群，发育多种类型烃源岩和大型储集砂体。大型盆地、广泛分布的多类型烃源岩、高-变地温场的耦合共控，奠定了深水油气资源的物质基础。大型供给水系、构造地貌、相对海平面升降的相互作用，形成3种类型的沉积体系，控制了深水区大型储集体的发育和展布，但高热流加速了深水沉积物压实和成岩作用。南海北部陆缘深水油气勘探前景广阔，烃源岩、有效储层以及热流3因素的复杂多变，决定了油气勘探中机遇与挑战并存。     

城市红树林湿地沉积物的矿物组成特征及影响因素

以深圳城市红树林湿地沉积物为研究对象, 分析其矿物组分和理化性质, 探究其矿物组成特征及影响因素。结果表明: 1) 深圳市红树林湿地表层沉积物的矿物组成以黏土矿物(16.5%~73.5%)和石英(22.0%~81.2%)为主, 随着深度增加, 不同样地的沉积物中钾长石、黄铁矿和石盐等矿物含量存在差异; 2) 表层沉积物中, 黏土矿物主要为伊蒙混层矿物(44%~76%)、高岭石(0%~40%)、绿泥石(0%~24%)和伊利石(2%~21%), 以伊蒙混层矿物为主; 3) 不同深度的沉积物中黏土矿物组成与表层沉积物基本上一致, 与沿海区域没有植被的珠江口和大亚湾等地的沉积物存在显著差异。相关性分析结果表明, 深圳市红树林湿地沉积物的矿物组成主要受盐度、总硫(TS)和总有机碳(TOC)影响, 其黏土矿物组成则主要受pH值、盐度、TOC和沉积物粒径影响。     

黏土矿物在石油初次运移中的作用研究

从黏土矿物的结构、成岩过程中脱水转化条件以及脱水转化阶段等几个方面讨论了不同转化类型的黏土矿物在石油初次运移中的作用.研究结果表明:并不是所有的黏土矿物都对油气的初次运移起作用,不同的黏土矿物对油气初次运移的作用也不同,其中蒙皂石的脱水、转化对油气初次运移的作用最为显著;黏土矿物的脱水转化是在温度、压力、时间等因素的综合作用下发生的,这就决定了黏土矿物脱水转化的不确定性.只有那些与油气的生成阶段相匹配的转化才会对油气的初次运移产生作用,而早于或晚于油气生成阶段的转化对油气初次运移的作用甚微或没有作用.     

东营凹陷古近系深部碎屑岩储层中的黏土矿物

通过钻井岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射、岩心物性分析等手段对东营凹陷古近系深部碎屑岩储层中的黏土矿物和储层物性进行研究.结果表明:研究区古近系深部碎屑岩储层黏土矿物以伊利石和伊/蒙混层为主,绿泥石次之,高岭石含量比较低;净砂岩中的黏土矿物主要由长石和岩屑溶解形成,储层物性表现为高孔高渗,杂砂岩中的黏土矿物主要是沉积黏土矿物及其转化产物,易损害储层物性;黏土矿物含量小于15%的储层勘探方向是寻找与油气充注匹配的次生孔隙,黏土矿物含量大于15%的储层勘探方向是寻找裂缝发育带及裂缝发育带附近的淋滤带.     

黏土矿物在石油初次运移中的作用研究

从黏土矿物的结构、成岩过程中脱水转化条件以及脱水转化阶段等几个方面讨论了不同转化类型的黏土矿物在石油初次运移中的作用．研究结果表明：并不是所有的黏土矿物都对油气的初次运移起作用，不同的黏土矿物对油气初次运移的作用也不同，其中蒙皂石的脱水、转化对油气初次运移的作用最为显著；黏土矿物的脱水转化是在温度、压力、时间等因素的综合作用下发生的，这就决定了黏土矿物脱水转化的不确定性．只有那些与油气的生成阶段相匹配的转化才会对油气的初次运移产生作用，而早于或晚于油气生成阶段的转化对油气初次运移的作用甚微或没有作用．     

珠江口盆地13.8Ma陆架边缘三角洲与陆坡深水扇的“源-汇”关系

揭示南海北部被动大陆边缘盆地浅海陆架与深水陆坡之间的沉积响应关系,在等时地层格架内对陆架三角洲、上陆坡复合水道和陆坡重力流沉积进行综合分析.研究结果表明:相对海平面变化、陆架多级坡折演化、陆源碎屑供给强度以及陆架海洋水动力作用等四大因素控制着陆架-陆坡体系的发育;珠江口盆地中新统韩江组13.8 Ma形成的界面为三级层序界面,该时期低位域晚期发育陆架边缘三角洲,三角洲前缘带主体分布在白云凹陷北坡的陆架坡折处,随着物源供给,前缘带不断进积,陆架向陆坡方向生长,在多级坡折、坡度变化以及沉积物自身重力影响下,前缘带沉积物由牵引流搬运向重力流搬运转化,在陆坡复合水道搬运通道的作用下向白云凹陷深水区内再沉积,形成低位域晚期多坡度控制的滑塌体、碎屑流-浊流深水扇沉积,构成南海北部珠江口盆地特殊的陆架-陆坡“源-汇”响应系统;该沉积响应具有短暂性、突发性和连续性等特点.     

毛乌素沙地北缘苏贝淖湖滨沉积物磁化率与粒度组份的相关性研究*

以苏贝淖湖滨剖面沉积物为例,研究了沉积物磁化率与粒度的变化特征;并分析了各粒级组份与磁化率大小变化的相关关系。探讨沉积物磁性矿物的可能来源及富集状态,揭示它们在干旱区湖泊沉积物中所反映的古环境信息。结果显示:1沉积物磁化率和粒度自下而上分别经历了由低到高、由细到粗的总体变化趋势,代表了一种由湖滨浅湖相到风成沉积相过渡的沉积环境;沉积物整体粒径较粗,主要为砂(63μm)和粉砂[(4~63)μm],二者的平均含量之和达到99.04%,剖面风成沉积物与现代风成沙的粒度曲线变化具有很好的一致性;2磁化率与砂粒级的颗粒含量呈正相关,而与粉砂和黏土无明显相关关系或呈负相关,说明磁性矿物主要赋存在砂粒级颗粒中,主要原因是沉积物中的磁性矿物以外源为主;3沉积物高磁化率值对应较粗的沉积物颗粒,指示湖区风沙活动较强,气候干旱;低磁化率值对应较细的沉积物颗粒,反映湖区环境相对较湿润。     

兴安矿深部软岩的扫描电镜-X射线能谱分析

为了探讨鹤岗兴安矿深部软岩水理特性和塑性变形原因,分别在埋深500和740 m的不同岩性特征处,选取5个试样,采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪,对该矿深部软岩矿物成分与微观结构进行实验分析。结果表明:兴安矿深部软岩中主要矿物成分为石英、长石、方解石及黏土矿物,各别试样中含有菱铁矿和金红石。黏土矿物的主要成分为伊/蒙(I/S)混层、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石等。I/S混层中蒙脱石的类型有钠蒙脱石和钙蒙脱石。碎屑矿物中有石英加大、方解石溶蚀、长石淋滤、菱铁矿解理发育等现象。黏土矿物I/S混层主要呈片架结构、蜂窝结构和絮状结构,高岭石呈书本状结构,伊利石与绿泥石呈片架结构。     

南海北部陆坡地形特征及其影响因素研究

南海北部陆坡位于南海北部大陆边缘,地质构造活动丰富,是大陆和深海进行物质和能量交换的重要过渡区。研究北部陆坡区复杂的地形地貌,有助于深化对南海北部陆缘海底地质活动与环境变化的认识,并为资源勘探与工程建设提供基础地质信息支撑。本研究基于全球水深地形图（General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans,GEBCO）数据及实测多波束数据,对南海北部陆坡的地形地貌进行研究,识别出不同的地貌类型,并探讨其形成和发展的控制因素。研究表明,南海北部陆坡发育有海台、海山、海丘、海槽、海底峡谷以及冷泉地貌类型。南海北部陆坡地形地貌的发育和演化主要受控于构造活动及火山活动,而外动力地质作用如沉积输运、海平面变化及甲烷流体的活动等,都对研究区的地形地貌做了进一步的改造,使之更加复杂。     

巢湖CH-1孔沉积物磁性、粒度特征分析

通过对巢湖湖心长1.5m的CH-1孔沉积物磁性参数和粒度组成进行测量,探讨了巢湖的沉积环境变迁.结果表明：CH-1孔沉积物以中粉砂和细粉砂为主,其次为黏土.该孔中黏土粒级对磁性矿物贡献最大.自底部向上,该孔分为4段：第1段,沉积物向上粒度变细,亚铁磁性矿物含量减少,亚铁磁性矿物颗粒变细;第2段,沉积物向上粒度变粗,亚铁磁性矿物含量减少,磁性矿物颗粒变细;第3段,沉积物向上粒度变细,亚铁磁性矿物含量增多,磁性矿物颗粒变粗;第4段,沉积物向上粒度变粗,亚铁磁性矿物含量增多,磁性矿物颗粒变粗.上述结果显示：巢湖湖面在整个沉积历史时期呈现上升和下降的交替变化,反映了气候变化对巢湖沉积的影响.     

Clay minerals in surface sediments of the Pearl River drainage basin and their contribution to the South China Sea

Clay minerals have played a significant role in the study of the East Asian monsoon evolution in the South China Sea by being able to track oceanic current variations and to reveal contemporaneous paleoclimaUc changes prevailing in continental source areas. As one of the most important rivers inputting terrigenous matters to the northern South China Sea, the Pearl River was not previously paid attention to from the viewpoint of clay mineralogy. This paper presents a detailed study on clay minerals in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River drainage basin （including all three main channels, various branches, and the Lingdingyang in the estuary） by using the X-ray diffraction （XRD） method. The results indicate that the clay mineral assemblage consists dominantly of kaolinite （35%-65%）, lesser abundance of chlorite （20%-35%） and illite （12%-42%）, and very scare smectite occurrences （generally 〈5%）. Their respective distribution does not present any obvious difference throughout the Pearl River drainage basin. However, downstream the Pearl River to the northern South China Sea, the clay mineral assemblage varies significantly： kaolinite decreases gradually, smecUte and illite increase gradually. Additionally, illite chemistry index steps down and illite crystallinity steps up. These variations indicate the contribution of major kaolinite, lesser illite and chlorite, and very scarce smecUte to the northern South China Sea from the Pearl River drainage basin. The maximum contribution of clay minerals from the Pearl River is 72% to the northern margin and only 15% to the northern slope of the South China Sea. In both glacials and interglacials, kaolinite indicates that the ability of mechanical erosion occurred in the Pearl River drainage basin.     

A high-resolution clay mineralogical record in the northern South China Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum,and its time series provenance analysis

High-resolution clay mineralogical analysis of Core MD05-2904 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) covering the period since the Last Glacial Maximum shows that illite (29%–48%), smectite (14%–45%), chlorite (17%–28%), and minor kaolinite (6%–14%) comprise the clay mineral assemblage, and that time series variation does not present glacial-interglacial cyclicity. Provenance analysis indicates three end-member sources: almost all smectite derives from Luzon, all kaolinite is sourced from the Pearl River, and illite and chlorite originate from both the Pearl River and Taiwan. By comparing clay mineral compositions in surface sediments from the three major source areas and of the SCS, we reconstructed a time series of clay mineral contribution from the major provenances to the northern slope of the SCS using the linear separation method for illite crystallinity. There were three stages of provenance change. (1) During 24.1–17.5 ka BP, contributions from Taiwan and Luzon were similar (30%–40%), while that from the Pearl River was only 25%. (2) During 17.5–14.0 ka BP, the contribution from Luzon decreased rapidly to 20%–25%, while that from Taiwan increased to 35% from an average of 25% at 18 ka BP, and that from the Pearl River increased largely to 40%. (3) During the Holocene, differences in contributions from the three major provenances increased: the contribution from Luzon increased slightly and then remained at 27%–35%, that from Taiwan increased rapidly and then remained at 55%–60%, and that from the Pearl River decreased to 15%. The change in clay mineral contributions from different provenances is influenced mainly by clay mineral production, monsoon rainfall denudation, oceanic current transport, and sea-level change.     

The deep thermal characteristic of continental margin of the northern South China Sea

Heat flow plays an important role in the study of thermal structure and thermal evolution of continental margin of the northern South China Sea. The analysis of heat flow value shows that margin heat flow in the northern South China Sea is relatively high setting, but the percentage of crustal heat flow is lower than 35% in terrestrial heat flow. The terrestrial heat flow exhibited a current of rise from the Northern Continental Margin to the Southern Central Basin. However, the proportion of crustal heat flow in terrestrial heat flow slowly dropped down in the same direction. It is suggested that the main factor causing high heat flow setting is the moving up of hot material from asthenosphere.     

南海海底特征、资源区位与疆界断续线

根据南海海底的成因与地形特征 ,并通过建立和分析南海海底数字地形模型 ,将南海的海底分为中央的深海盆地、两侧的阶梯状大陆坡、以及周边亚洲大陆延伸的大陆架 3个地貌单元 .再据 194 7年“南海诸岛位置图”精确计算出二战后依据波茨坦公告为国际认可的断续线疆界的经纬度坐标 ,阐述了中国对南海主权的历史延续性 .最后 ,论述了南海区位与资源的优势 ,论证了其海域具体位置与巨大的经济政治战略意义 .     

Magnetic recording of the Cenozoic oceanic crustal accretion and evolution of the South China Sea basin

We review and discuss some of the recent scientific findings made on magnetic data in the South China Sea (SCS). Magnetic anomalies bear extremely rich information on Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution. 3D analytical signal amplitudes computed from magnetic anomalies reveal very precisely relict distributions of Mesozoic sedimentary sequences on the two conjugate continental margins, and they are also found very effective in depicting later-stage magmatism and tectonic transitions and zonation within the SCS oceanic crust. Through integrated analyses of magnetic, gravity and reflection seismic data, we define the continent-ocean boundary (COB) around the South China Sea continental margin, and find that the COB coincides very well with a transition zone from mostly positive to negative free-air gravity anomalies. This accurate outlining of the COB is critical for better tracing magnetic anomalies induced by the oceanic crust. The geometrically complex COB and inner magnetic zonation require the introduction of an episodic opening model, as well as a transform fault (here coined as Zhongnan Fault) between the East and Southwest Sub-basins, while within the East and Southwest Sub-basins, magnetic anomalies are rather continuous later-ally, indicating nonexistence of large transform faults within these sub-basins. We enhance magnetic anomalies caused by the shallow basaltic layer via a band-pass filter, and recognize that the likely oldest magnetic anomaly near the northern continental margin is C12 according to the magnetic time scale CK95. Near the southern continental margin, magnetic anomalies are less recognizable and the anomaly C12 appears to be missing. These differences show an asymmetrical opening style with respect to the relict spreading center, and the northern part appears to have slightly faster spreading rates than to the south. The magnetic anomalies C8 (M1 and M2, ~26 Ma) represent important magnetic boundaries within the oceanic basin, and are possibly related to changes in spreading rates and magmatic intensities. The magnetic evidence for a previously proposed ridge jump after the anomaly C7 is not clear. The age of the Southwest Sub-basin has yet to be further examined, most favorably with deep-tow magnetic surveys and ocean drilling. Our magnetic spectral study shows that the shallowest Curie points are located around the eastern part of the Southwestern Sub-basin, whereas within the East Sub-basin Curie depths are smaller to the north of the relict spreading center than to the south. This pattern of Curie depths is consistent to regional heat flow measurements and later-stage volcanic seamount distributions, and we therefore reason that Curie-depth variations are closely associated with later-stage magmatism, rather than with crustal ages. Although magnetic anomalies located around the northern continent-ocean transition zone (COT) are relatively quiet, this area is not a typical magnetic quiet zone since conceptually it differs markedly from an oceanic magnetic quiet zone. The relatively quiet magnetic anomalies are seemingly associated with a shallowing in Curie isotherm and thinning in magnetic layer, but our comprehensive observations suggest that the well-preserved thick Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are major causes for the magnetically quiet zone. The high similarities between various low-pass filtered marine and air-borne magnetic anomalies and satellite magnetic anomalies clearly confirm that deeper magnetic sources (in the lower crust and the uppermost mantle) have contributions to long-wavelength surface magnetic anomalies in the area, as already inferred from magnetically inversed Curie depths. The offshore south China magnetic anomaly (SCMA) becomes more prominent on low-pass filtered marine and air-borne magnetic anomalies and satellite magnetic anomalies, indicating very deeply-buried magnetic sources beneath it.     

鹤岗煤田泥质岩粘土矿物类型及其地质意义

为了确定鹤岗煤田泥质岩粘土矿物类型及其地质意义,本文采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜研究了鹤岗煤田12个泥质岩样品中的粘土矿物。结果表明:本区泥质岩共有4种类型的粘土矿物,并揭示出高岭石主要为来自剥蚀区的碎屑粘土矿物,少部分为自生矿物,伊利石一部分由剥蚀区搬运来,另外则由长石、云母等铝硅酸盐矿物风化形成,伊蒙混层矿物是在成岩过程中,由蒙脱石向伊利石转化的过渡产物,绿泥石则是在深埋阶段由高岭石转变而成。这项研究说明该区在整个晚侏罗世演化过程中处于近中性环境,并在弱酸弱碱环境中频繁振荡。     

Discovery of Late Paleozoic retrograded eclogites from the middle part of the northern margin of North China Craton

The northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), located between the Paleo-Asian Ocean tectonic region on the north and the NCC on the south, is a key region for studying the tectonic evolution of NCC. A Pre-cambrian retrograded eclogite (2500 Ma or 1800 Ma) was reported in Baimashi near Hengshan Mountain in the NCC, which is characterized by the vermicular symplec-tite of diopside and plagioclase with absence of ompha-cite[1,2]. In Hongqiyingzi Group from the middle part of the …     

Deep crustal structure of Baiyun Sag,northern South China Sea revealed from deep seismic reflection profile

This paper discusses deep crustal architecture of the Baiyun Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea based on velocity analysis, time-depth conversion and seismic interpretation of the deep seismic reflection profile DSRP-2002. The profile was acquired and processed to 14 S TWT by the China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC) in 2002. It extends across the Baiyun Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, from the northern continental shelf of the SCS to the deepwater province. As the first deep seismic reflection profile in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, this profile reveals seismic phases from basement down to upper most mantle. The Moho surface appears in the profile as an undulating layer of varying thickness of 1-3 km. It is not a single reflector interface, but a velocity gradient or interconversion layer. The crust thins stepwisely from the shelf to the continental slope and the abyssal plain (from north to south), and also thins under depocenters. The crustal thickness is only 7 km in the depocenter of the main Baiyun Sag, which corresponds to a Moho upwelling mirroring the basement topography. In the lower slope and the ocean-continental transition zone of the southernmost portion of the profile, three sub-parallel, NW-dipping strong reflectors found at depths around 10--21 km are interpreted as indications of a subducted Mesozoic oceanic crust. Crustal faults exist in the northern and southern boundaries of the Baiyun Sag. The intense and persistent subsidence of the Baiyun Sag might be related to the long-term activity of the crustal faults.     

Detachment within subducted continental crust and multi-slice successive exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks: Evidence from the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt

Although tectonic models were presented for exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） metamorphic rocks during the continental collision, there is increasing evidence for the decoupling between crustal slices at various depths within deeply subducted continental crust. This lends support to the multi-slice successive exhumation model of the UHP metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogen. The available evidence is summarized as follows： （1） the low-grade metamorphic slices, which have geotectonic affinity to the South China Block and part of them records the Triassic metamorphism, occur in the northern margin of the Dabie-Sulu UHP metamorphic zone, suggesting decoupling of the upper crust from the underlying basement during the initial stages of continental subduction; （2） the Dabie and Sulu HP to UHP metamorphic zones comprise several HP to UHP slices, which have an increased trend of metamorphic grade from south to north but a decreased trend of peak metamorphic ages correspondingly; and （3） the Chinese Continental Science Drilling （CCSD） project at Donghai in the Sulu orogen reveals that the UHP metamorphic zone is composed of several stacked slices, which display distinctive high and low radiogenic Pb from upper to lower parts in the profile, suggesting that these UHP crustal slices were derived from the subducted upper and middle crusts, respectively. Detachment surfaces within the deeply subducted crust may occur either along an ancient fault as a channel of fluid flow, which resulted in weakening of mechanic strength of the rocks adjacent to the fault due to fluid-rock interaction, or along the low-viscosity zones which resulted from variations of geotherms and lithospheric compositions at different depths. The multi-slice successive exhumation model is different from the traditional exhumation model of the UHP metamorphic rocks in that the latter assumes the detachment of the entire subducted continental crust from the underlying mantle lithosphere and its subsequent exhumation as a whol