Clay minerals in surface sediments of the Pearl River drainage basin and their contribution to the South China Sea

Clay minerals have played a significant role in the study of the East Asian monsoon evolution in the South China Sea by being able to track oceanic current variations and to reveal contemporaneous paleoclimaUc changes prevailing in continental source areas. As one of the most important rivers inputting terrigenous matters to the northern South China Sea, the Pearl River was not previously paid attention to from the viewpoint of clay mineralogy. This paper presents a detailed study on clay minerals in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River drainage basin （including all three main channels, various branches, and the Lingdingyang in the estuary） by using the X-ray diffraction （XRD） method. The results indicate that the clay mineral assemblage consists dominantly of kaolinite （35%-65%）, lesser abundance of chlorite （20%-35%） and illite （12%-42%）, and very scare smectite occurrences （generally 〈5%）. Their respective distribution does not present any obvious difference throughout the Pearl River drainage basin. However, downstream the Pearl River to the northern South China Sea, the clay mineral assemblage varies significantly： kaolinite decreases gradually, smecUte and illite increase gradually. Additionally, illite chemistry index steps down and illite crystallinity steps up. These variations indicate the contribution of major kaolinite, lesser illite and chlorite, and very scarce smecUte to the northern South China Sea from the Pearl River drainage basin. The maximum contribution of clay minerals from the Pearl River is 72% to the northern margin and only 15% to the northern slope of the South China Sea. In both glacials and interglacials, kaolinite indicates that the ability of mechanical erosion occurred in the Pearl River drainage basin.     

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate,the island of Taiwan is generally recognized as an important example in the MARGINS Program Science Plan and "source-to-sink" research because of its high tectonic activity,heavy rainfall and unique geography.Large suspended sediment loads are transported to the adjacent ocean by Taiwanese rivers every year,making Taiwan an important source of sediments into the adjacent seas and a natural laboratory for studying the systemic movement of fluvial sediments from source to sink.A detailed study on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments collected from the drainage basins of 12 Taiwanese rivers using X-ray diffraction methods was conducted.Our results indicated that the clay mineral assemblages consisted dominantly of illite(approximately 73%) and chlorite(approximately 24%),with lesser abundances of kaolinite(approximately 3%) and even lower levels of smectite from the Danshuei River sediments in northwestern Taiwan.The Jhuoshuei River sediments from western Taiwan contained clay mineral assemblages that consisted of illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 25%),but they lacked kaolinite and smectite.In southwestern Taiwan,the clay mineral assemblages were dominated by illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 23%),but had a low abundance of kaolinite(generally < 2%) and no smectite.The clay mineral assemblages in eastern Taiwan are obviously different from those in western parts of the island.The most noticeable difference is that the average abundance of chlorite in the Hualien River from eastern Taiwan was the highest(approximately 48%) of all the Taiwanese rivers.We concluded that,in general,the clay mineral assemblages in Taiwanese rivers were mainly composed of illite and chlorite with kaolinite and smectite being scarce,and these trends are different from those in China’s mainland rivers.The clay mineral composition shown in this study was primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock,and the differential weathering intensities of the drainage area.The surface sediments in Taiwan’s rivers showed a greater abundance of illite and chlorite because the outcropped rocks were mainly composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks,especially sandstone,shale and slate,and show strong physical weathering.The relatively high relief and more abundant rainfall also caused the clay minerals in the fluvial sediments to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains and then delivered to the adjacent seas by currents and waves over a shorter time scale.     

淮北煤田上石盒子组泥质岩的矿物学研究

淮北煤田上石盒子组泥质岩中粘土矿物以高岭石、伊利石为主,绿泥石、蒙脱石次之,3煤段上部泥质岩中伊利石增多,地球化学指标也表明为半成水环境,说明上石盒子组上部为一套受海水影响的岩性组合。     

鹤岗煤田泥质岩粘土矿物类型及其地质意义

为了确定鹤岗煤田泥质岩粘土矿物类型及其地质意义,本文采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜研究了鹤岗煤田12个泥质岩样品中的粘土矿物。结果表明:本区泥质岩共有4种类型的粘土矿物,并揭示出高岭石主要为来自剥蚀区的碎屑粘土矿物,少部分为自生矿物,伊利石一部分由剥蚀区搬运来,另外则由长石、云母等铝硅酸盐矿物风化形成,伊蒙混层矿物是在成岩过程中,由蒙脱石向伊利石转化的过渡产物,绿泥石则是在深埋阶段由高岭石转变而成。这项研究说明该区在整个晚侏罗世演化过程中处于近中性环境,并在弱酸弱碱环境中频繁振荡。     

Late quaternary glacial cycle and precessional period of clay mineral assemblages in the western pacific warm pool

Variability of clay mineral assemblages in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) over the past 370 ka shows the prominent glacial-interglacial cyclicity. Smectite (62%?C91%) is the dominant clay mineral, with decreased contents during interglacials while increased in glacials. In contrast, variations in chlorite (4%?C21%), illite (4%?C12%), and kaolinite (2%?C10%) share a similar pattern with higher contents during interglacials than glacials, mirroring to that of smectite. The results indicate that the smectite-dominated clay minerals derive mainly from the river detrital inputs of New Guinea. The glacial-interglacial cycle of clay mineral assemblages well correspond to the fluctuation of sea level. When the sea level was low, the river materials can travel more easily across the narrow shelf off the island of New Guinea, inject directly into the subsurface currents flowing westwards, then merge into the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), and eventually deposit on the central part of WPWP. Precessional periods of the smectite content indicate the intensity of mechanical erosion in its provenance of New Guinea, responding to the river runoff and precipitation, and this could also be linked to the meridional migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).     

粘土矿物分析及其指示的气候意义 ——以毛乌素沙漠滴哨沟湾为例

以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面DGS1层段为代表,对其粘土矿物组成进行分析.结果显示,DGS1层段粘土矿物以石英、钾长石、钠长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石和绿泥石为主,各层位均不含高岭石.各种沉积相矿物组成基本一致,说明该地区的矿物来源基本一致.不同沉积相粘土矿物含量不尽相同,沙丘砂、次生黄土中的石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石等代表干、寒气候的粘土矿物含量高,湖沼相中的蒙脱石、方解石等代表暖湿气候的粘土矿物含量高,个别湖沼相层位出现了白云石.粘土矿物组分表现出萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候特征:本地区全新世总体偏冷干,各沉积相缺失高岭石而均存在绿泥石可为证明;本地区全新世气候分为两个主要气候阶段,早期到中期堆积湖沼相为主的时期气候相对温暖湿润;中期以后到现在堆积次生黄土和沙丘砂的阶段气候相对寒冷干燥.     

致密砂岩储层黏土矿物特征及敏感性分析—以鄂尔多斯盆地吴起油田寨子河地区长6油层为例

致密砂岩储层孔喉结构复杂、比表面积大,岩石颗粒表面附着大量的黏土矿物,容易受到外来流体的影响,发生颗粒膨胀、迁移、离子沉淀等反应伤害储层,从而影响生产效率。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地吴起油田寨子河地区延长组6段油层为例,通过岩石薄片观察、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪(X-RD)实验、压汞实验和储层敏感性实验等方法,对研究区储层物性、孔喉结构、黏土矿物特征和储层敏感性类型、伤害程度及敏感性影响因素进行分析。岩心分析实验表明,储层黏土矿物由绿泥石、高岭石、伊利石和伊蒙混层4种矿物组成,影响储层渗透性的敏感性伤害强弱依次为酸敏、水敏、碱敏、盐敏和速敏。并结合实际生产中存在的问题,提出绿泥石富集区域尽量避免储层酸化等改造措施;对伊利石及伊蒙混层含量高、易水敏的地区,压裂改造过程需要提高压裂液砂比,减小压裂液量,从而降低储层损害。     

木钵延10油层水敏伤害研究

目的 为保护储层以及提高油层采收率提供依据。方法 利用真实砂岩微观模型对木钵延10油层进行了水敏伤害研究。结果 该油层黏土含量4．4％～11％，黏土组成以伊利石为主，伊／蒙混层和高岭石黏土矿物次之，不含或极少含有绿泥石；黏土矿物具有膨胀、分散、运移的特性，易造成储层的水敏和速敏伤害；目前的注入水将对储层造成中等程度的水敏伤害，采取高矿化度盐水及逐渐降低矿化度的注入方式，对减弱储层水敏伤害有利，最佳注入水盐度为15.6～5．2g／L。结论 水敏伤害是造成木钵延10区块注水压力高、注水量低的不可忽视的原因，应尽量使注入水矿化度高于注入流体的矿化度阈值(5．2～2．18g/L)，以减轻水敏伤害。     

胜北构造粘土矿物纵向分布及演变规律

为探求吐哈油田胜北构造粘土矿物纵向分布规律与井眼稳定性的关系,以台参２井为例系统分析了本构造泥页岩地层中高岭石（Ｋ）、绿泥石（Ｃ）、伊利石（Ⅰ）、蒙脱石（Ｓ）和伊蒙混层（Ｉ／Ｓ）矿物的分布及演变特征,测定了粘土矿物中各种阳离子（Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋）的可交换容量（ＣＥＣ）．研究表明,胜北构造上部地层是以Ｓ（约４０％）为主的高活性泥岩,中部大段硬脆碎泥页岩以Ｉ／Ｓ（约５０％）为主,下部地层Ｉ／Ｓ渐减至消失．Ｋ、Ｃ、Ｉ纵向分布较为均匀,基本与井径扩大率无相关性．井径扩大率与Ｉ／Ｓ含量呈明显正相关,但与Ｉ／Ｓ中的Ｓ含量却呈负相关,Ｉ纵向变化小但总含量较高（约５０％）且其中裂隙、解理发育,因此认为井眼的失稳主要是Ｉ及Ｉ／Ｓ含量较高的硬脆碎泥页岩在释放构造应力时,各种综合工程因素诱发地层崩裂和剥蚀而引起的,具有明显的时敏性．由于这种地层的ＣＥＣ特别是ＥＫ较低,因而必须主要靠封堵裂缝而不是提高钻井液中的Ｋ＋浓度来抑制井眼垮塌     

城市红树林湿地沉积物的矿物组成特征及影响因素

以深圳城市红树林湿地沉积物为研究对象, 分析其矿物组分和理化性质, 探究其矿物组成特征及影响因素。结果表明: 1) 深圳市红树林湿地表层沉积物的矿物组成以黏土矿物(16.5%~73.5%)和石英(22.0%~81.2%)为主, 随着深度增加, 不同样地的沉积物中钾长石、黄铁矿和石盐等矿物含量存在差异; 2) 表层沉积物中, 黏土矿物主要为伊蒙混层矿物(44%~76%)、高岭石(0%~40%)、绿泥石(0%~24%)和伊利石(2%~21%), 以伊蒙混层矿物为主; 3) 不同深度的沉积物中黏土矿物组成与表层沉积物基本上一致, 与沿海区域没有植被的珠江口和大亚湾等地的沉积物存在显著差异。相关性分析结果表明, 深圳市红树林湿地沉积物的矿物组成主要受盐度、总硫(TS)和总有机碳(TOC)影响, 其黏土矿物组成则主要受pH值、盐度、TOC和沉积物粒径影响。     

砂岩中自生粘土矿物的研究现状、内容和方法

自生粘土矿物是砂岩中重要的填隙物,也是砂岩成岩阶段划分的重要指示矿物。该类矿物在油气勘探开发过程中备受关注。随着石油工业的大发展,砂岩中自生粘土矿物的研究,目前已取得了长足进展。本文以高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石和蒙皂石等砂岩中常见自生粘土矿物为例,从研究现状、内容和方法三方面综述砂岩中的自生粘土矿物。通过大量的文献调研认为：研究内容主要包括矿物学特征、赋存状态（产状）、发育机理及对储层物性的影响等方面;薄片鉴定、染色分析、热分析、X-射线衍射分析和扫描电镜相结合是研究砂岩中自生粘土矿物的常规手段,目前亟待发展特色研究方法。     

柴达木盆地北缘下侏罗统储集岩成岩作用及其对孔隙演化的影响

柴达木盆地北缘下侏罗统储集岩主要是由长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩组成,主要的成岩作用有压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、交代作用和重结晶作用,它们对孔隙的发育影响很大.压实作用和碳酸盐的胶结作用使原生孔隙大大减少.长石的溶蚀作用改善了孔隙的发育.蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊蒙混层含量均在较大范围内变化,与深度的关系不明显.成岩作用进入晚成岩作用末期.一些储集岩经历了表生成岩作用.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组长7致密砂岩伊利石成因初探

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7为典型的致密砂岩储层,粒度细,填隙物含量高,物性差.最主要的黏土矿物为伊利石,占填隙物总量的60%.根据大量的铸体薄片、扫描电镜、包裹体测试等分析资料,探讨了伊利石的产状、成因,以及对储层物性的影响.认为:伊利石呈片状、蜂巢状和丝缕状3种方式产出.第一种为原生沉积形成;第二种为早期形成的蒙脱石转化而来;第三种是由钾长石溶蚀形成的高岭石在深埋期间通过伊利石化作用形成.高岭石的伊利石化能促进钾长石的溶解,其形成的长石溶孔是本区最主要的孔隙类型,长石溶孔发育区即为相对优质储层发育区.     

苏宏图白垩系粘土岩元素地球化学和粘土矿物特征及其古气候意义

为了探究苏宏图地区白垩系苏红图组的古气候环境,应用X射线荧光光谱(XRF) 和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS) 方法研究了粘土岩样品的元素地球化学特征,结果表明：P、Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、SiO2/Al2O3等元素特征指示白垩系苏红图组总体呈现极度干燥的沉积环境,不同亚相之间沉积环境稍有干湿变化,且扇三角洲相对湿暖;通过XRD和SEM方法研究了全岩矿物组成和粘土矿物类型和组合特征,结果表明：伊利石为主要的粘土矿物,其次为绿泥石、高岭石,粘土矿物的组合类型为伊利石、绿泥石的组合,且绿泥石和高岭石呈现此消彼长的现象,反映了干燥寒冷的沉积环境,并伴随着干湿的气候变化。     

新疆鄯善油田碎屑岩中的粘土矿物特征

根据碎屑岩薄片、扫描电镜观察和Ｘ－衍射资料,分析了鄯善油田中侏罗统碎屑岩中的粘土矿物特征。得出了碎屑岩中的自生粘土矿物分为伊／蒙混层、伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石４种基本类型;自生粘土矿物的形成与碎屑岩的碎屑组分有着密切的关系;粘土矿物是影响鄯善油田碎屑岩物性的重要因素。     

二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床目的层粘土矿物特征及其意义

二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床是我国典型的古河谷砂岩型铀矿床,铀主要经潜水-层间氧化作用富集成矿。为了研究其粘土矿物组成、含量、形态特征及其产状,对区内目的层粘土矿物进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜及能谱分析。分析结果表明,二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床目的层粘土矿物成分基本一致,主要为蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石,个别样品中见少量绿泥石。蒙脱石集合体呈花朵状、片状,高岭石集合体呈书页状、扇状,伊利石集合体呈片状,绿泥石集合体呈玫瑰花朵状。粘土矿物以分散质点式不完全充填于孔隙中和薄膜式贴附于颗粒表面。根据分析结果,文章总结了该矿床氧化带分带粘土矿物特征,并探讨了粘土矿物对砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率的影响及其与铀成矿的关系。     

文东油田沙三中油层储层特征研究

为了提高沙三中油层开发水平,并为各种作业措施提供地质依据,通过各种分析测试方法,对沙三中油层储层特性做了详细研究．结果表明：沙三中油层储层砂岩以粉砂岩和粉细砂岩为主,储层矿物成分成熟度较低,不稳定组分含量很高,碎屑矿物成分主要有石英、长石、喷出岩、复 晶石英、硅质、泥质和云质;岩石化学成分中 Ｃａ２＋ 、 Ｍ ｇ２＋ 含量较高,决定了地层水高矿化度和高 Ｃａ２＋ 、 Ｍ ｇ２＋ 含量．铸体薄片观察证明储层砂岩属小孔细喉型,孔隙形态不规则、喉道曲折复杂;粘土矿物主要有伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊 ／ 蒙混层矿物,其产状以薄膜式和分散充填式为主;成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结及交代作用和溶蚀作用等三种类型．储层有潜在的水敏、速敏、酸敏和无机垢损害存在．     

黑龙江七台河地区城子河组绿泥石垂向分布异常分析

运用X射线衍射和X射线荧光分析技术,对黑龙江七台河地区侏罗系上统城子河组的87、90、95和98号煤层顶底板及夹矸中的绿泥石进行了研究.结果表明,研究区粘土矿物以伊蒙间层矿物、伊利石和绿泥石为主,绿泥石含量在2％～17％.随着埋藏深度增加,成岩作用增强,绿泥石含量逐渐降低,且由富Mg绿泥石转变为富Fe绿泥石.研究区绿泥...     

Clay minerals in paleosols of cretaceous age in Istria, Croatia

Greenish clays often occur as thin layers in Early Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate sediments of Istria where they mark the top of fining upwards sequences. When they show evidence of subaerial exposure and pedogenesis they are considered paleosols. The clay mineralogical composition is as follow: (1) randomly oriented I/S mixed layer, (2) regularly oriented I/S mixed layer, (3) illitic material, (4) kaolinite and (5) chlorite. The insoluble limestone residue situated immediately below the greenish clays is dominated by smectite, and also contains kaolinite and illitic material. The very high smectite content in the insoluble residue is probably the result of additions of volcanic dust during carbonate sedimentation. That clay mineral composition in the pelitic material clearly indicates the influence of both pedogenic and diagenetic processes. It may also indicate additional volcanic dust contribution before and during the subaerial exposure.     

用地层元素测井资料确定储层粘土含量

地层元素测井 (ECS)是一种实时测量地层中元素含量的新型测井方法。介绍了ECS的方法和原理 ,根据王庄油田 4口井的ECS资料及氧化物闭合模型和综合处理解释结果 ,确定出该区的地层矿物含量 ,依据矿物含量并结合自然伽马能谱测井方法确定出研究区的粘土含量及类型。结果表明 ,研究区沙三段碎屑岩储层粘土矿物以伊 /蒙混层为主 ,其含量平均为 5 0 % ;其他矿物含量依次为 :高岭石平均为 2 0 % ,伊利石平均为 15 % ,绿泥石平均为 8%。伊 /蒙混层比平均为 76 % ,粘土成分以蒙脱石为主。将测井解释得到的粘土含量及类型与X 衍射分析结果进行了对比 ,验证了测井解释结果的可靠性。根据研究区的粘土含量和类型 ,提出了该区储层改造时应采用的几项措施。