粘土矿物定量分析偏差的修正

应用Ｘ射线衍射定量分析方法中的基体清洗法及其演化而来的自清洗法对粘土中常见矿物蒙脱石、绿泥石、高岭石、伊利石、长石、方解石、白云石、赤铁矿、蛋白石的Ｋ值进行了实验测定。在此基础上提出了采用稀释法,即外加一定量石英对由于粘土矿物结晶度和定向度差异所引起定量分析偏差进行修正的方法。     

长江口悬浮物和沉积物的物相分析

对长江口水体固相物质的物相成分 ,作者首次采用改进的X射线粉末衍射超样本无标分析法取得了较好的分析结果。该方法对含量较高的物相具有较高的分析精度。研究表明 :长江口水体固相颗粒质中主要含有下列矿物成分 :石英、伊利石、绿泥石、蒙托石、钠长石、微斜长石、高岭石和方解石。在一些底质样品发现存在少量青铝闪石和磷钙锰石。长江口悬浮相中粘土矿物的含量 ,从吴淞口上游向下游有增加的趋势 ,而沉积相中的含量略有减少。长江口泥沙中的粘土矿物成分主要是伊利石、绿泥石、蒙托石、高岭石 ,其相对含量为伊利石 >蒙托石 >高岭石 >绿泥石     

纯粘土矿物甲烷吸附研究及吸附模型评价

粘土矿物在页岩储层无机矿物中占有重要的比例,其是页岩气吸附的重要场所。由于不同页岩储层成藏条件差异,粘土矿物相对含量有较大差异,因此也影响页岩气的吸附能力。以XRD,低压氮气吸附实验以及甲烷等温吸附实验为主要研究手段。XRD结果表明四种样品(伊利石,蒙脱石,绿泥石,高岭石)纯度较高,均大于94%。低压氮气吸附结果表明：蒙脱石以微孔与中孔为主,孔隙形态主要为四边都开口的平行板状、狭缝状等,含有墨水瓶状的孔;伊利石主要发育有中孔与大孔,绿泥石主要发育有微孔和大孔,高岭石主要发育有中孔和大孔,它们的孔隙形态同样都平行板状、狭缝状等为主;比表面积与孔隙体积的大小顺序为：高岭石>伊利石>蒙脱石>绿泥石,两者呈正相关。在61 ℃,压力为0~25 MPa条件下进行五组甲烷等温吸附试验,包括四组纯粘土矿物及一组由四种纯矿物等质量混合的矿物。纯粘土矿物甲烷吸附量大小顺序为：高岭石>伊利石>蒙脱石>绿泥石,粘土矿物的比表面积越大,其甲烷吸附量也越大。对等温吸附实验数据进行拟合发现：Langmuir, Toth以及Langmuir-Freundlich吸附模型对于不同矿物总体拟合效果都极好,对粘土矿物吸附模型精确选择具有一定意义。     

南黄海表层沉积物中粘土矿物分布及物源分析

以南黄海表层沉积物中粘土矿物的测试数据为基础,分析了研究区内4种粘土矿物(伊利石、高岭石、蒙皂石、绿泥石)的分布特征.研究表明:本区伊利石含量最高,蒙皂石或高岭石次之,绿泥石含量最低;粘土矿物的组合类型以伊利石-蒙皂石-高岭石-绿泥石型为主,伊利石-高岭石-蒙皂石-绿泥石型次之;南黄海粘土矿物主要是陆源成因,物质主要来源于黄河和长江的供给.     

萨拉乌苏河流域DGS1层段主量元素记录的全新世气候变化

选取毛乌素沙漠东南部边缘萨拉乌苏河流域具有代表性的滴哨沟湾剖面全新统DGS1层段,通过测定样品的主量元素——Si O2、Al2O3、TOFE(全铁)、Ca O、Mg O、K2O、Na2O、Ti O2的含量并分析其特征,结合年代测定结果,探讨该地全新世气候演变.结果表明,主量元素表现出2个不同时期的不同波动方式:1CS~9P期间(0~3 760 a BP),Al2O3、TOFE、Ca O、Mg O、K2O、Na2O、Ti O2基本表现为在湖沼相中含量大于次生黄土,次生黄土中含量大于沙丘砂;10LS~21LS期间(3 760~11 000 a BP),Ca O、Mg O在湖沼相中出现峰值,尤其是在15LS(7 340~8 170 a BP)及其上下达到顶峰,其他主量元素表现为低值.通过分析发现,DGS1层段实际上是全新世以来多次东亚冬夏季风的交互演替过程下的堆积-风化产物,是气候地层的真实记录.依据CIA值与Si O2/(Al2O3+TOFE)比值,将DGS1层段主量元素信号记录的全新世气候可分为4个阶段:全新世早期气候好转、全新世鼎盛期、大暖期向寒冷期转变的波动期、降温不稳定和沙漠化频繁变化时期.     

二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床目的层粘土矿物特征及其意义

二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床是我国典型的古河谷砂岩型铀矿床,铀主要经潜水-层间氧化作用富集成矿。为了研究其粘土矿物组成、含量、形态特征及其产状,对区内目的层粘土矿物进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜及能谱分析。分析结果表明,二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床目的层粘土矿物成分基本一致,主要为蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石,个别样品中见少量绿泥石。蒙脱石集合体呈花朵状、片状,高岭石集合体呈书页状、扇状,伊利石集合体呈片状,绿泥石集合体呈玫瑰花朵状。粘土矿物以分散质点式不完全充填于孔隙中和薄膜式贴附于颗粒表面。根据分析结果,文章总结了该矿床氧化带分带粘土矿物特征,并探讨了粘土矿物对砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率的影响及其与铀成矿的关系。     

兴安矿深部软岩的扫描电镜-X射线能谱分析

为了探讨鹤岗兴安矿深部软岩水理特性和塑性变形原因,分别在埋深500和740 m的不同岩性特征处,选取5个试样,采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪,对该矿深部软岩矿物成分与微观结构进行实验分析。结果表明:兴安矿深部软岩中主要矿物成分为石英、长石、方解石及黏土矿物,各别试样中含有菱铁矿和金红石。黏土矿物的主要成分为伊/蒙(I/S)混层、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石等。I/S混层中蒙脱石的类型有钠蒙脱石和钙蒙脱石。碎屑矿物中有石英加大、方解石溶蚀、长石淋滤、菱铁矿解理发育等现象。黏土矿物I/S混层主要呈片架结构、蜂窝结构和絮状结构,高岭石呈书本状结构,伊利石与绿泥石呈片架结构。     

应用TEM／EDAX研究粘土矿物的结构和成份特征

利用ＴＥＭ／ＥＤＡＸ技术对粘土矿物作超显微结构观察和微区成分测定，表明蒙脱石，伊利石，高岭石和绿泥石在（００１）方向的晶面间路为１．３ｎｍ，１ｎｍ，０．７ｎｍ和１．４ｎｍ，且有明显的晶格像转化，其主要转化类型有：蒙脱石→伊利石，高岭石→绿泥石，伊利石→绿泥石和伊利石→高岭石。在转化过程中产生的ＣＯ２，Ｈ＾＋和Ｈ２Ｏ会降低孔隙水ｐＨ，促进烃类运移和储层中次生孔隙形成。     

卫城油田沙四段粘土矿物的研究

卫城油田沙四段碎屑岩储层属于三角洲沉积,通过扫描电镜、X衍射分析表明,储层的粘土矿物主要有绿泥石、伊/蒙混层和伊利石及高岭石。并且粘土矿物随深度的增加呈规律的变化。绿泥石单体主要呈针叶片状,集合体为片状杂乱堆积、花朵状或绒球状,绿泥石以及孔隙充填式存在于颗粒间,减少了孔隙的空间。但同时又抑制了石英的次生加大,对原生孔隙的保存起了积极作用。伊利石粘土矿物单体呈片状、蜂窝状和丝缕状,集合体形态多为碎片状、鳞片状,以孔隙衬垫或孔隙充填物形式存在于颗粒间,导致砂岩中孔隙结构的明显破坏。高岭石单体呈全自形的六角板状晶体,集合体多呈蠕虫状、书本状。     

胜北构造粘土矿物纵向分布及演变规律

为探求吐哈油田胜北构造粘土矿物纵向分布规律与井眼稳定性的关系,以台参２井为例系统分析了本构造泥页岩地层中高岭石、绿泥石、伊利石、蒙脱石和伊蒙混层矿物的分布及演变特征,测定了粘矿物中各种阳离子的可交换容量。     

苏宏图白垩系粘土岩元素地球化学和粘土矿物特征及其古气候意义

为了探究苏宏图地区白垩系苏红图组的古气候环境,应用X射线荧光光谱(XRF) 和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS) 方法研究了粘土岩样品的元素地球化学特征,结果表明：P、Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、SiO2/Al2O3等元素特征指示白垩系苏红图组总体呈现极度干燥的沉积环境,不同亚相之间沉积环境稍有干湿变化,且扇三角洲相对湿暖;通过XRD和SEM方法研究了全岩矿物组成和粘土矿物类型和组合特征,结果表明：伊利石为主要的粘土矿物,其次为绿泥石、高岭石,粘土矿物的组合类型为伊利石、绿泥石的组合,且绿泥石和高岭石呈现此消彼长的现象,反映了干燥寒冷的沉积环境,并伴随着干湿的气候变化。     

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate,the island of Taiwan is generally recognized as an important example in the MARGINS Program Science Plan and "source-to-sink" research because of its high tectonic activity,heavy rainfall and unique geography.Large suspended sediment loads are transported to the adjacent ocean by Taiwanese rivers every year,making Taiwan an important source of sediments into the adjacent seas and a natural laboratory for studying the systemic movement of fluvial sediments from source to sink.A detailed study on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments collected from the drainage basins of 12 Taiwanese rivers using X-ray diffraction methods was conducted.Our results indicated that the clay mineral assemblages consisted dominantly of illite(approximately 73%) and chlorite(approximately 24%),with lesser abundances of kaolinite(approximately 3%) and even lower levels of smectite from the Danshuei River sediments in northwestern Taiwan.The Jhuoshuei River sediments from western Taiwan contained clay mineral assemblages that consisted of illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 25%),but they lacked kaolinite and smectite.In southwestern Taiwan,the clay mineral assemblages were dominated by illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 23%),but had a low abundance of kaolinite(generally < 2%) and no smectite.The clay mineral assemblages in eastern Taiwan are obviously different from those in western parts of the island.The most noticeable difference is that the average abundance of chlorite in the Hualien River from eastern Taiwan was the highest(approximately 48%) of all the Taiwanese rivers.We concluded that,in general,the clay mineral assemblages in Taiwanese rivers were mainly composed of illite and chlorite with kaolinite and smectite being scarce,and these trends are different from those in China’s mainland rivers.The clay mineral composition shown in this study was primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock,and the differential weathering intensities of the drainage area.The surface sediments in Taiwan’s rivers showed a greater abundance of illite and chlorite because the outcropped rocks were mainly composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks,especially sandstone,shale and slate,and show strong physical weathering.The relatively high relief and more abundant rainfall also caused the clay minerals in the fluvial sediments to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains and then delivered to the adjacent seas by currents and waves over a shorter time scale.     

鹤岗煤田泥质岩粘土矿物类型及其地质意义

为了确定鹤岗煤田泥质岩粘土矿物类型及其地质意义,本文采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜研究了鹤岗煤田12个泥质岩样品中的粘土矿物。结果表明:本区泥质岩共有4种类型的粘土矿物,并揭示出高岭石主要为来自剥蚀区的碎屑粘土矿物,少部分为自生矿物,伊利石一部分由剥蚀区搬运来,另外则由长石、云母等铝硅酸盐矿物风化形成,伊蒙混层矿物是在成岩过程中,由蒙脱石向伊利石转化的过渡产物,绿泥石则是在深埋阶段由高岭石转变而成。这项研究说明该区在整个晚侏罗世演化过程中处于近中性环境,并在弱酸弱碱环境中频繁振荡。     

新疆鄯善油田碎屑岩中的粘土矿物特征

根据碎屑岩薄片、扫描电镜观察和Ｘ－衍射资料,分析了鄯善油田中侏罗统碎屑岩中的粘土矿物特征。得出了碎屑岩中的自生粘土矿物分为伊／蒙混层、伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石４种基本类型;自生粘土矿物的形成与碎屑岩的碎屑组分有着密切的关系;粘土矿物是影响鄯善油田碎屑岩物性的重要因素。     

HD4油田东河砂岩油层的岩石学特征

为了解塔里木盆地HD4油田东河砂岩岩石学特征对油气储集的影响,研究其矿物组合特征、孔隙结构特征。借助偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察岩石、铸体薄片及岩石样品,利用X-衍射仪确定黏土矿物组合及其含量。结果表明:该油层岩性主要为岩屑长石砂岩;该地区距物源远,母岩为沉积变质岩;黏土矿物组合为绿泥石+伊利石+高岭石;孔隙类型以最适合油气富集的原生粒间孔为主,方解石、硬石膏等胶结物与次生石英等充填了部分孔隙,总体上油层孔隙较发育;黏土矿物组合对石油的开采影响较小。HD4油田东河砂岩油层是良好的石油储集层。该结果对油田油气预测及开发具有参考价值。     

Clay minerals in surface sediments of the Pearl River drainage basin and their contribution to the South China Sea

Clay minerals have played a significant role in the study of the East Asian monsoon evolution in the South China Sea by being able to track oceanic current variations and to reveal contemporaneous paleoclimaUc changes prevailing in continental source areas. As one of the most important rivers inputting terrigenous matters to the northern South China Sea, the Pearl River was not previously paid attention to from the viewpoint of clay mineralogy. This paper presents a detailed study on clay minerals in surface sediments collected from the Pearl River drainage basin （including all three main channels, various branches, and the Lingdingyang in the estuary） by using the X-ray diffraction （XRD） method. The results indicate that the clay mineral assemblage consists dominantly of kaolinite （35%-65%）, lesser abundance of chlorite （20%-35%） and illite （12%-42%）, and very scare smectite occurrences （generally 〈5%）. Their respective distribution does not present any obvious difference throughout the Pearl River drainage basin. However, downstream the Pearl River to the northern South China Sea, the clay mineral assemblage varies significantly： kaolinite decreases gradually, smecUte and illite increase gradually. Additionally, illite chemistry index steps down and illite crystallinity steps up. These variations indicate the contribution of major kaolinite, lesser illite and chlorite, and very scarce smecUte to the northern South China Sea from the Pearl River drainage basin. The maximum contribution of clay minerals from the Pearl River is 72% to the northern margin and only 15% to the northern slope of the South China Sea. In both glacials and interglacials, kaolinite indicates that the ability of mechanical erosion occurred in the Pearl River drainage basin.     

鄂东通山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩矿物组成及意义

中扬子作为南方重要页岩气资源勘探开发接替区,正逐渐成为研究的热点,但不同地区、不同层系认识程度不一。为了对研究程度较低的鄂东通山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组富有机质泥页岩的沉积及矿物特征的初步认识,为该区页岩气的进一步勘查研究与评价提供指导。通过野外实测界水岭和珍珠口剖面并选取露头样品进行X射线衍射分析,结果表明：通山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组矿物成分较为复杂、类型多样,石英含量最高,含量为31.9%～47.2%,平均42.1%,黏土矿物含量在18.3%～21.9%之间,平均20.6%,酸盐岩矿物中以方解石含量变化最大,含量在1.3%～27.5%之间,平均值为15.1%;长石平均含量为12.0%,主要成分为斜长石,微晶矿物石膏在样品中普遍存在;黏土矿物主要成分为伊利石,平均含量达63.9%,其次为绿泥石和伊/蒙混层,只有或者极少含量的高岭石,不含蒙脱石,沉积及埋藏成岩过程中水介质沉积总体处于缺氧的还原环境,已进入晚成岩阶段;脆性矿物含量在62.3%～76.3%之间,平均69.73%,脆性指数在0.74～0.81之间,平均0.77,脆性指数与脆性矿物含量有着很好的对应性;矿物组成及含量与周边及北美、威远、涪陵页岩气田有着很好的对比性,参考北美及焦页1井储层优选条件,认为研究区下寒武统牛蹄塘组具备页岩气藏的形成和保存的基础地质条件,有着很好的可压裂性,具备一定的开采潜力。