Surface ozone observations during voyages to the Arctic and Antarctic regions

Surface ozone concentration and UV-B data between 75° N and 70° S were obtained aboard the Chinese polar scientific vessel “Xue -long” (Snow-Dragon) during the first voyage to the Arctic and the 16th to the Antarctic in 1999–2000. Analysis of these data presents that variations of the surface ozone concentration have small amplitude during voyages except the mid-latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. As a whole, average surface ozone concentration in the Northern Hemisphere is higher than that in the Southern, and high value occurred when the ship sailed close to the continents. The average diurnal variations of the surface ozone in the Northern Hemisphere are also higher compared to the southern counterparts, and high diurnal variations were found at low latitudes, and relative low level in the polar region.     

A possible mechanism of the Scandinavian ozone loss

Satellite data analysis shows an important Arctic ozone loss over the Scandinavia, with - 50 DU in winter, equivalent to 15% of the total ozone over this region. The study shows a possible mechanism causing the ozone loss. The North Atlantic current carries the heat energy northwards, and causes a relatively high surface temperature along the Scandinavia. The high temperature over the east of North Atlantic heats the atmosphere, induces an upward mass lifting, and therefore causes an ozone divergence near 330°K isoentropic surface, which leads to a decline in the total ozone.     

Ozone mini-hole occurring over the Tibetan Plateau in December 2003

Since the Antarctic ozone-hole was discovered[1], the ozone depletion in stratosphere and its effect on climate and environment have become the global focus[2-6]. In China, since Zhou et al.[7] in 1994 and later Zou[8] dis- covered the total ozone valley …     

MSR资料中臭氧层演变及恢复趋势的分析

 利用一种新的全球臭氧总量再分析(MSR)数据,分析了1978—2008年臭氧总量的时空演变趋势.结果发现:全球平均臭氧总量变化在1996年以前主要表现为显著的下降,其后下降趋势变缓,进入WMO所规定臭氧恢复第1阶段的变化模式.前期臭氧下降趋势为-1.037 4×10^-4 cm/月,后期减小为-3.750 0×10^-6cm/月;1996年以前全球臭氧总量为普遍减少,显著区域主要集中在北半球中纬度和南半球中高纬度,1996年以后在60°S~30°N间和北美北部及其以东海域出现有大面积的臭氧总量增加的区域,臭氧增加和减少的量均较少;不同地区臭氧总量的变化均不相同,青藏高原为持续减少转为略有增加,赤道西太平洋由基本不变转为增加,南极从急剧减少转为略有增加.     

Surface ozone monitoring and background characteristics at Zhongshan Station over Antarctica

Seasonal variation in surface ozone and the relationship between the background ozone concentration and wind were evaluated at Zhongshan Station,Antarctica using 2008 data.The wind frequency from the station area was only 2%,while the prevailing wind frequency was much larger (79.2%).This indicates that the surface ozone observations were not affected by the human activities at the station,and therefore could be counted as background concentrations of surface ozone along Antarctic coast.The concentration of surface ozone shows a distinct annual variation with the yearly mean of 25.0 nmol mol-1 and the maximum in winter,the minimum in summer.The surface ozone concentration had a strong negative correlation with ultraviolet radiation,and the mean values during polar night were one to two times higher than those in summer.These results imply that photochemical destruction of ozone dominates over Antarctica.The ozone depletion events at Zhongshan Station were obviously related to lower temperatures and higher BrO concentrations.Backward trajectory analysis reveals that the ozone depletion events are predominately caused by the high BrO concentrations.     

A kinetic study of the reaction of ozone with ethylene in a smog chamber under atmospheric conditions

Ozone is one of the key species in the processes of atmospheric chemistry, which can be taken as an indicator of oxidation capacity in the troposphere. The reaction of ozone with reactive gases is an important process in the troposphere. Experimental simulation equipment of smog chamber for atmospheric reactions is used to study the reaction of ozone with ethylene in real atmospheric environment with ozone concentrations of 100―200 ppb. The concentrations of ozone and ethylene were moni-tored during the reaction with the combination of Model 49C-O_3 Analyzer and GC-FID. A rate constant of 1.01×10~(-18) (cm~3·mol~(-1)·s-(~1)) was obtained at 286.5 K, under condition of which the half-life of ozone was 88 min. The results obtained from our experiments are in excellent agreement with those reported previously by other researchers under extremely low pressure in terms of matrixisolation technology. This demonstrates that our equipment of smog chamber for atmospheric reactions is reliable, which can be used for further research of the processes of atmospheric reactions.     

亚印太交汇区低纬上空不同层次大气臭氧的时空变化分析

 利用ECMWF 195709~200208共45a的多层臭氧质量混合比月平均资料,详细分析了亚印太交汇区(AIPO)低纬地带上空平流层、对流层各层次上臭氧浓度的分布特征.结果表明:①区域上空对流层、平流层及臭氧总量大尺度特征均显著,纬度带分布特征明显;②对流层和平流层臭氧各个季节变化趋势相反,平流层臭氧和臭氧总量各个季节变化趋势一致;同一层次夏季臭氧浓度变化趋势与其他3个季节变化趋势相反;③区域上空20~3hPa是臭氧浓度的高值区,50~30hPa臭氧平均变化幅度最大;④对流层臭氧距平变化在整个高度上较为一致,正、负距平随季节绕赤道做南、北半球摆动,且存在季节性突变;⑤赤道上空有明显从平流层上层随季节逐渐往较低层传播的臭氧正负距平现象.     

大气臭氧耗损的修复

评述了修复大气臭氧耗损的化学法和物理法，某些化学法如在南极旋涡中注入烃类可能由于生成另外的活性氯原子而不能有效地抑制大气臭氧耗损，某些物理法如利用大气电子电荷修复大气臭氧耗损，这是令人感兴趣的方法，它没有其他的化合物生成，但是会遇到技术和光电子材料的难题。在此，提出了另一类修复大气臭氧耗损的新方法，观测到卤代烃在细颗粒物渗溶冰晶表面的低温粘着系数比在冰晶上的粘着系数大2个数量级。因此有可能利用细颗粒物特性和低温非均相反应消除平流层的卤代烃及氯氟烃等达到阻断大气臭氧耗损的链反应。     

利用简化空气质量模型快速构建臭氧生成等浓度曲线及其应用

提出一种快速构建臭氧生成等浓度曲线的新方法。该方法利用区域空气质量模式进行臭氧前体物的敏感性分析, 基于一阶和二阶敏感性系数构建简化模型, 快速计算前体物不同排放水平对应的臭氧生成浓度。使用该方法, 结合调整的源排放清单, 对2018年8月成都平原地区进行臭氧回溯模拟并绘制臭氧生成等浓度曲线图。在此基础上, 以成都市为例, 对城市臭氧污染控制提出对策建议。     

利用天顶散射光观测反演大气臭氧柱浓度

利用天顶散射光-差分光学吸收光谱法反演了2006年12月至2007年12月上海地区(31.3°N,121.5°E)上空的臭氧柱浓度.在反演过程中,考虑了O3,NO2,O4,H2O的吸收以及大气Ring效应对测量光谱的贡献.利用经验函数对反演结果进行筛选,将Langley plot方法与O4,H2O的拟合结果相结合,确定参考光谱中的臭氧含量.数据分析表明,2007年上海上空臭氧柱总量高值出现在4月至6月,低值出现在10月至1月,月均值的变化幅度约为50DU.实验测量误差在6%～7%左右.将地基臭氧柱总量观测结果与美国TOMS臭氧观测资料进行对比,二者的变化趋势基本一致,相关系数为0.81,地基观测结果普遍低于TOMS臭氧观测值.最后对二者产生差别的原因进行分析和讨论.     

Extremely cold and persistent stratospheric Arctic vortex in the winter of 2010-2011

Record ozone loss was observed in the stratospheric Arctic in the spring of 2011. In the present work, we show observational evidence that the record loss of Arctic ozone is due to the extremely cold and persistent stratospheric polar vortex in the winter of 2010-2011. The polar vortex was as usual in early winter, but was intensified twice in middle January and middle February, respectively, and remained anomalously strong and stable until early April, 2011. Record low polar temperatures and record high subpolar zonal winds occurred in February and March. Stratospheric wave activity was anomalously weak because waves were refracted equatorward by the anomalously strong polar night jet. With such an extremely cold and isolated environment, Arctic stratospheric ozone was largely depleted in March and early April, 2011. Corresponding to Arctic ozone depletion, the stratospheric Northern-Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) displayed anomalously strong high-polarity, and the positive stratospheric NAM propagated downward and led to anomalously strong positive NAM in the troposphere and near the surface.     

珠江三角洲秋季典型光化学污染过程中的臭氧来源分析

利用区域空气质量模型CAMx 模拟珠江三角洲地区(简称珠三角) 2009 年11 月臭氧浓度演变过程, 运用臭氧源识别技术(OSAT)对其中两个典型的光化学污染日进行臭氧来源识别, 并与清洁日的情况做对照分析。结果表明, 广州市区和东莞的排放对本地及珠三角西南部臭氧贡献很大(15~30 μL/m3), 深圳宝安区排放对珠江口有明显的贡献(15~25 μL/m3)。流动源和溶剂使用源是珠三角臭氧生成最主要的两类前体物排放源, 主要影响范围覆盖珠三角的中部和西部, 流动源对佛山和江门交界地区的臭氧小时浓度贡献可达50 μL/m3。较高的边界外传输使得珠三角在出现不利污染气象条件的情况下更易发生臭氧污染, 但珠三角的前体物排放是造成污染时段臭氧浓度升高的主要原因, 控制珠三角内的污染源排放对控制臭氧污染具有关键作用。     

卫星遥感监测大气臭氧总量分布和变化

 利用卫星紫外仪器TOMS、OMI和TOU的臭氧总量数据(1979-2014年),研究了全球及关键地区臭氧总量的分布及变化。讨论了南北半球臭氧总量分布和变化的差异,探讨了影响臭氧分布和变化的可能因子。重点分析了中国区域、青藏高原和极地的臭氧变化,并利用FY-3数据对南极臭氧洞和北极臭氧低值进行了监测。结果表明,臭氧总量的分布和变化在中高纬度地区具有很强的不均匀性,极地臭氧损耗依然明显,青藏高原的臭氧增长大于同纬度其他地区,其机制更加复杂。     

1979-2011年东亚地区大气臭氧层变化趋势分析

 采用1979—2011年欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim的臭氧总量资料和分层资料,利用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了东亚地区臭氧总量及对流层、平流层臭氧的变化趋势.研究结果表明：①1979—2011年东亚地区臭氧总量总体来看呈现下降趋势.进一步将所考时段分为2期来看,臭氧总量在II期(1994—2011)稍有上升趋势,但尚未达到Ⅰ期(1979—1993)的平均臭氧总量水平,故认为东亚地区臭氧总量在21世纪初的恢复尚不明显;②东亚臭氧总量33年中的突变点是1984年,显著下降时间是1986年以后;③对东亚对流层-平流层的4个代表层的研究发现,4个层次的臭氧质量分数年际变化均呈下降趋势,其中臭氧质量分数下降速率最快的层次是10hPa,从低层到高层,臭氧质量分数的下降速率呈现“快-慢-快”的变化特点.     

北半球仲春平流层行星波活动对臭氧总量分布的影响

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和TOMS臭氧总量资料,分析了1979～2003年4月份平流层行星波1波和2波的变化,及其对北半球中高纬臭氧总量分布的影响.结果表明,在通常情况下,4月份平流层中下层行星波1波强于2波,对应的位势高度场在欧亚大陆北部为一低压涡旋,而北美北部为一高压区.此时,从东北亚到北加拿大为臭氧总量的高值区,而北欧至格陵兰一带为臭氧的低值区.但在有些年份,2波比较强时,相应的位势高度场在极地为一明显的低压涡旋,此时在极地附近会出现臭氧低值区.个别年份如1997年,1波在25年中最强,2波也很强,强低涡中心比常年更靠近北极点,在与之位置相同的地方出现了25年中最明显的臭氧洞.还有一些年份,北极地区主要由高压控制,臭氧总量的高值区基本上出现在北极及其附近.     

Sedimentation rates and provenance analysis in the Southwestern Okinawa Trough since the mid-Holocene

As a high-sedimentation rate depocenter along the path of the Kuroshio Current, the southwesternmost part of the Okinawa Trough is a key area to understand the Kuroshio history and sediments transpor-tation. A 34.17-m-long sediment core was obtained by the advanced piston corer of Marco Polo/IMAGES XII MARION DUFRESNE during the May 2005 from the Southern Okinawa Trough at site MD05-2908. The recovered sediments were analyzed by AMS ¹⁴C dating, coarse size fraction (>63 μm) extraction and moisture content determination in order to study its sedimentation flux and provenance. The depth-age relationship of core MD05-2908 was well constrained by 17 ¹⁴C dating points. The sediments span across the mid-Holocene (6.8 ka B.P.) and have remarkablely high sedimentation rates between 1.8 and 21.2 m ka^-1, which is well consistent with the modern observations from sediment traps. We identified five 70―200 a periods of abnormally rapid sedimentation events at 6790―6600 a B.P., 5690―5600 a B.P., 4820―4720 a B.P., 1090―880 a B.P., and 260―190 a B.P., during which the highest sedimentation rate is up to 21.2 m/ka. In general, the lithology of the sediments were dominated by silt and clay, associated with less than 5% coarse size fraction (>63 μm). As the most significant sediment source, the Lanyang River in northeastern Taiwan annually deliver about 10Mt materials to the coastal and offshore region of northeast Taiwan, a portion of which could be carried northward by currents toward the study area. Therefore, we concluded that the 5 abnormally rapid sedimentation events may be related to intensified rainfall in Taiwan and thus increased materials to our study area at that time. However, a few ex-treme-rapid sedimentation events cannot be explained by normal river runoff alone. The large earth-quakes or typhoons induced hyperpycnal discharge of fluvial sediment to the ocean may also act as a potential source supply to the Okinawa Trough.     

平流层极地臭氧损耗影响对流层气候的研究进展

大气平流层臭氧的严重损耗将导致到达地面的太阳紫外辐射增加已经是公共社会普遍关切的问题。最近几年,平流层臭氧损耗能否对对流层大气环流和气候产生重要影响也引起了广泛的重视,并且已成为大气科学的一个热点问题。观测研究表明近二三十年来在两极臭氧严重损耗的季节,地表气温有明显的变暖趋势,也就是欧亚大陆1—3月份和南极半岛12—5月份的地面温度呈现显著增温。这些增温趋势很可能是平流层两极的严重臭氧损耗造成的。当然,这些增温并非是由臭氧损耗的辐射效应直接造成的,而是通过波－流相互作用以及平流层－对流层相互作用等动力学过程实现的。大量的数值模拟工作也对此问题进行了研究,一些模拟结果与观测结果基本一致,另一些则发现平流层臭氧损耗的强迫作用较弱,也有模拟工作认为其他外界强迫如温室气体增加和热带海面温度升高也非常重要。作者综述了这一研究领域在近几年的最新研究进展,总结有关的观测分析和数值模拟结果,阐述平流层极地臭氧损耗可能影响地面温度的物理机制,以及澄清各种争论要点。     

Tree ring based streamflow reconstruction for the Upper Yellow River over the past 1234 years

We established a Juniperus przewalski tree ring width chronology, based on tree ring cores collected from the A’nyêmaqên Mountains. Statistical analysis showed that the chronology was highly correlated with instrumental streamflow records from previous August to current July from the Tangnaihai Station in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, with a correlation coefficient of 0.656. Streamflow for the upper reaches of the Yellow River was reconstructed for the past 1234 years. Low flow periods for the 11-year averaged streamflow reconstruction were definite as lower than mean plus 1 standard deviation, and high flow periods were higher than mean minus 1 standard deviation. Over the past 1234 years, high flows occurred 18 times, and low flows occurred 12 times. The main low flow periods were identified as AD 1140–1156, AD 1295–1309, AD 1473–1500, and AD 1820–1847, and the main high flow periods were identified as AD 846–873, and AD 1375–1400. Extremely low streamflow over the reconstruction period was seen during the late 15th century, coinciding with a widespread drought phenomenon, which took place in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau over the same period. Reconstructed streamflow shows significant low-frequency variability, which is in line with drought variability of neighboring regions, as inferred from tree rings and other proxies. Multi-taper spectral analysis suggests the existence of significant periods of 2–5, 22, 35–38, 55–62, and 114–227 years, particularly significant for cyclic variations of years 159 and 36.     

Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011

Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter-spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was--for the first time in the observational record--comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18-20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded.     

中国西南上空大气臭氧垂直分布的结构特征

 用球载电化学臭氧探空仪于2001年春季在中国西南昆明上空测得臭氧垂直分布的精细结构,结果表明臭氧垂直廓线具有多层次特征.在21～30km高度之间是臭氧分压多峰值的极大值层,极大值平均为15.13mPa,臭氧混合比极大值平均高度在30.2km.对流层顶附近臭氧分压存在极小值,且有南风分量的极大风层对应.对流层上层和平流层低层出现臭氧峰值时,其峰值层附近具有显著的冷平流特征.在5km以下观测到了不稳定的对流层臭氧高浓度峰值层.