卫星遥感监测大气臭氧总量分布和变化

 利用卫星紫外仪器TOMS、OMI和TOU的臭氧总量数据(1979-2014年),研究了全球及关键地区臭氧总量的分布及变化。讨论了南北半球臭氧总量分布和变化的差异,探讨了影响臭氧分布和变化的可能因子。重点分析了中国区域、青藏高原和极地的臭氧变化,并利用FY-3数据对南极臭氧洞和北极臭氧低值进行了监测。结果表明,臭氧总量的分布和变化在中高纬度地区具有很强的不均匀性,极地臭氧损耗依然明显,青藏高原的臭氧增长大于同纬度其他地区,其机制更加复杂。     

基于OMI数据分析青藏高原周边对流层低层臭氧的分布特征

提出一种利用地形海拔落差以及臭氧总量差来估算对流层低层大气臭氧浓度的方法.根据搭载于美国宇航局Aura卫星上的臭氧监测仪(OMI)提供的臭氧总量日观测数据,利用该方法计算出青藏高原与其周边地区四川盆地及印度北部的地形海拔落差及臭氧总量差,进一步分析了该地区低层大气臭氧的分布特征.结果表明:青藏高原周边地区对流层低层大气臭氧分布呈明显的季节变化,且低层大气臭氧分布有南北差异,南部臭氧含量高于北部.     

利用天顶散射光观测反演大气臭氧柱浓度

利用天顶散射光-差分光学吸收光谱法反演了2006年12月至2007年12月上海地区(31.3°N,121.5°E)上空的臭氧柱浓度.在反演过程中,考虑了O3,NO2,O4,H2O的吸收以及大气Ring效应对测量光谱的贡献.利用经验函数对反演结果进行筛选,将Langley plot方法与O4,H2O的拟合结果相结合,确定参考光谱中的臭氧含量.数据分析表明,2007年上海上空臭氧柱总量高值出现在4月至6月,低值出现在10月至1月,月均值的变化幅度约为50DU.实验测量误差在6%～7%左右.将地基臭氧柱总量观测结果与美国TOMS臭氧观测资料进行对比,二者的变化趋势基本一致,相关系数为0.81,地基观测结果普遍低于TOMS臭氧观测值.最后对二者产生差别的原因进行分析和讨论.     

MSR资料中臭氧层演变及恢复趋势的分析

 利用一种新的全球臭氧总量再分析(MSR)数据,分析了1978—2008年臭氧总量的时空演变趋势.结果发现:全球平均臭氧总量变化在1996年以前主要表现为显著的下降,其后下降趋势变缓,进入WMO所规定臭氧恢复第1阶段的变化模式.前期臭氧下降趋势为-1.037 4×10^-4 cm/月,后期减小为-3.750 0×10^-6cm/月;1996年以前全球臭氧总量为普遍减少,显著区域主要集中在北半球中纬度和南半球中高纬度,1996年以后在60°S~30°N间和北美北部及其以东海域出现有大面积的臭氧总量增加的区域,臭氧增加和减少的量均较少;不同地区臭氧总量的变化均不相同,青藏高原为持续减少转为略有增加,赤道西太平洋由基本不变转为增加,南极从急剧减少转为略有增加.     

卫星实测臭氧总量资料在区域气候模拟中的应用研究

 将卫星观测的TOMS臭氧总量资料应用于区域气候模拟中,在不同纬度的地区采用随季节变化的臭氧总量.以中国地区为例,对比模拟了考虑臭氧随季节、纬度变化和模式原有的固定臭氧值对气候的不同影响.结果发现:对区域气候模式RegCM2而言,用于研究中国地区时,模式中的臭氧总量比实际状况偏大,利用实测臭氧资料后能产生负的晴空辐射强迫,并引起云量变化,导致地表温度变化.     

Analysis for retrieval and validation results of FY-3 Total Ozone Unit (TOU)

Retrieval experiment was made for global total column ozone using the first year measurements of Total Ozone Unit (TOU) on board the second generation polar orbiting meteorological satellite of China, FY-3/A. The retrieval results were analyzed and validated by comparison with AURA/OMI, Meteop/GOME-2 global ozone products and ground-based ozone measurement data. The qualititative comparisons over the globe especially over Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau show that the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics are consistent with OMI and GOME-2 products. The quantitative comparisons with ground-based measurements and AURA/OMI ozone product were made over 74 stations, the TOU total ozone retrieval has a 3% rms relative error compared with AURA/OMI ozone product and 4.2% rms relative error with ground-based measurements. The maximum difference between satellite retrieval and ground-based measurements was found in the Antarctica ozone hole. The TOU global ozone product is operational and distributed to all users.     

北半球仲春平流层行星波活动对臭氧总量分布的影响

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和TOMS臭氧总量资料,分析了1979～2003年4月份平流层行星波1波和2波的变化,及其对北半球中高纬臭氧总量分布的影响.结果表明,在通常情况下,4月份平流层中下层行星波1波强于2波,对应的位势高度场在欧亚大陆北部为一低压涡旋,而北美北部为一高压区.此时,从东北亚到北加拿大为臭氧总量的高值区,而北欧至格陵兰一带为臭氧的低值区.但在有些年份,2波比较强时,相应的位势高度场在极地为一明显的低压涡旋,此时在极地附近会出现臭氧低值区.个别年份如1997年,1波在25年中最强,2波也很强,强低涡中心比常年更靠近北极点,在与之位置相同的地方出现了25年中最明显的臭氧洞.还有一些年份,北极地区主要由高压控制,臭氧总量的高值区基本上出现在北极及其附近.     

Monitoring of the 2011 spring low ozone events in the Arctic region

Data from FY-3B SBUS and NOAA SBUV/2 were used to monitor ozone levels in the Arctic region from March 1 to April 5, 2011. Results revealed a significant ozone depletion in the area, with total ozone levels between 200–250 DU. The ozone levels recorded were 100–200 DU below normal, and in some parts the levels were as low as 200 DU, indicating a mini ozone-hole. During the sampling period, the ozone depletion area underwent identifiable expansion and detraction, a rotation around the North Pole from the west to the east, and a longitudinal movement from the Pole, spreading to the mid latitudes. The effects of these rare low ozone events were not only felt in the Arctic, but also extended to densely populated areas between Europe and the middle of Russia. In this region, rapidly increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation were detected at the Earth’s surface. Given the significant risk that this poses to both the environment and people’s health, this occurrence has significant global implications.     

A possible mechanism of the Scandinavian ozone loss

Satellite data analysis shows an important Arctic ozone loss over the Scandinavia, with - 50 DU in winter, equivalent to 15% of the total ozone over this region. The study shows a possible mechanism causing the ozone loss. The North Atlantic current carries the heat energy northwards, and causes a relatively high surface temperature along the Scandinavia. The high temperature over the east of North Atlantic heats the atmosphere, induces an upward mass lifting, and therefore causes an ozone divergence near 330°K isoentropic surface, which leads to a decline in the total ozone.     

南亚地区生物体燃烧对昆明地区对流层中下层臭氧浓度的影响

2001-03-21在昆明用电化学臭氧探空仪探测到了对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布。这个个例中昆明对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布特征不同于2001-03-08的昆明个例。使用NCEP分析资料、中尺度数值模式MM5模拟的大气环流数据、卫星观测的东南亚地区的生物体燃烧状况、气溶胶指数等资料,分析了这段时间的天气形势、大气环流、空气块后向轨迹以及生物体燃烧产生的烟尘轨迹,结果发现高浓度的臭氧空气来源于有生物体燃烧的南亚地区。这与以往研究中东南亚地区生物体燃烧导致华南地区对流层低层臭氧浓度异常增高有所不同。     

南亚地区生物体燃烧对昆明地区对流层中下层臭氧浓度的影响

2001-03-21在昆明用电化学臭氧探空仪探测到了对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布。这个个例中昆明对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布特征不同于2001-03-08的昆明个例。使用NCEP分析资料、中尺度数值模式MM5模拟的大气环流数据、卫星观测的东南亚地区的生物体燃烧状况、气溶胶指数等资料,分析了这段时间的天气形势、大气环流、空气块后向轨迹以及生物体燃烧产生的烟尘轨迹,结果发现高浓度的臭氧空气来源于有生物体燃烧的南亚地区。这与以往研究中东南亚地区生物体燃烧导致华南地区对流层低层臭氧浓度异常增高有所不同。     

Mass exchange between stratosphere and trotosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings

Using NCEP dataset we calculate the exchange of mass across the thermal tropopause by the Wei's method from 1978 to 1997 over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. We also calculate the annual variation of aerosol and ozone of 100 hPa level with the monthly SAGE dataset from July 1988 to December 1993. Results indicate that ( i ) the mass from troposphere to stratosphere is magistral station in summer over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. The air transport reaches the summit in midsummer with two large value centers, which lie in the north of Bengal Bay and southeastern Tibetan Plateau, respectively. A large value center, which lies over the Tibetan Plateau, is smaller than that aforementioned. In winter, the mass transport is from stratosphere to troposphere, and reaches the minimum in January. ( ii ) As far as the 19-year mean cross-tropopause mass exchange from June to September is concerned, the net mass transport is 14.84x1018 kg from troposphere to stratosphere. So the area from the Tibetan Plateau to the Bengal Bay is a channel through which the mass of lower atmosphere layer gets into upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. (iii) The cross-tropopause mass may take the lower level aerosol to the tropopause. Then, the concentration of aerosol near the tropopause becomes larger, which may cause the content of ozone to reduce.     

Mechanism of stratospheric decadal abrupt cooling in the Early 1990s as influenced by the Pinatubo eruption

Studies have suggested that one volcanic eruption can influence seasonal to inter-annual climate variations.This study indicates that the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 may have actually induced the stratospheric decadal cooling recorded in the early 1990s.Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and TOMS/SBUV satellite data,a decadal abrupt cooling of stratospheric tropical air temperature was found to have occurred in the early 1990s during a long-term descending trend.We generated the spatio-temporal structures of the decadal abrupt changes(DACs) for the stratosphere,and explored the relationship between the Pinatubo volcano eruption in 1991 and stratospheric DACs in the early 1990s.Our results suggest that the eruption of Pinatubo prompted a decadal decrease of ozone by the activation of nitrate and sulfate volcanic aerosols on ClO free radicals.The stratospheric heat absorbed by ozone decreased over a decadal time scale.As a result,decadal abrupt cooling of stratospheric tropical air temperatures occurred in the early 1990s,and may be attributed to the Pinatubo eruption.The results therefore indicate that one strong volcanic eruption can induce stratospheric decadal climate variation.     

东亚和西太平洋地区Hadley环流对对流层臭氧分布的影响

 采用了后向轨迹方法,利用臭氧混合比ρ₃和风场资料,来探讨东亚和西太平洋地区上空Hadley 环流对对流层臭氧分布的影响,文中对所研究关键点上7月份对流层高、中、低三层的轨迹进行分向统计后,计算方向概率与ρ₃的相关系数,得出了东亚和西太平洋地区Hadley 环流水平平流作用对臭氧分布的影响.结果表明:①青藏高原地区上空对流层低层Hadley 环流水平平流作用将会使臭氧混合比减少,而对应的高层南半球Hadley环流下沉支,其总体效果则是使臭氧增加;②在西太平洋地区上空对流层低层,北半球Hadley环流上升支其作用是使臭氧混合比减少,对应的高层南半球Hadley环流下沉支,其影响较弱;③另外,东亚季风的水平平流作用似乎和臭氧的分布也有联系,这还有待于进一步研究.     

东亚低纬地区大气臭氧时空分布特征

利用1979～1992年和1997～2008年2个时间段(分别称为Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期)的TOMS臭氧总量月平均网格资料,对东亚低纬地区大气臭氧的分布变化和纬度带特征进行了较为详细的对比研究.结果表明:①Ⅱ期较Ⅰ期区域大气臭氧浓度水平整体降低;区域臭氧浓度普遍低于同纬度其它区域,受地形和环流影响显著;②Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期区域平均及纬带平均臭氧浓度均表现为不同的季节和年际变化特征,南北有别,近赤道纬带和较高纬带有异;③Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期区域平均臭氧浓度时间序列除典型的年变化周期外,还有略低于QBO振荡的1.3～2.3a主周期,而区域赤道纬度带臭氧浓度QBO振荡却特别明显.值得注意的是,该1.3～2.3a主周期呈现区域南北半球部分的跷跷板式强弱振荡.     

Thermal adaptation of the large-scale circulation to the summer heating over the Tibetan Plateau

The potential vorticity equation is employed to diagnose the variation in the large-scale atmospheric circulation in July by using the NCAR/NCEP daily reanalysis data from 1986 to 1995. Based on the theogy of thermal adaptation, the schematic diagram of the formation and maintenance of the circulation over the Tibetan Plateau is revealed in this paper. The result shows that near the surface of ground is the positive potential vorticity source produced by the increasing diabatic heating with height, which maintains the cyclonic circulation, and that the positive Ertel potential vorticitv (PV) source is balanced by friction dissipation. On the other hand, in the upper troposphere the negative PV produced by the decreasing diabatic heating with height maintains the anticyclone, and it is balanced by the divergence of the negative PV. The Gauss' theorem has been applied to analyze the Ertel potential vorticity flux crossing each of the lateral boundaries of the area over the Tibetan Plateau. The result shows that the negative PV flux is transferred through the eastern and northern boundaries of the area from the Tibetan Plateau region to the outer world. It is evident that the Tibetan Plateau region is an important source of negative vorticity of the atmosphere.     

南亚季风环流与臭氧时空分布变化关系的特征分析

利用2005年1月至2017年12月搭载在美国环境监测Aura卫星上的臭氧监测仪（Ozone Monitoring Instrument, OMI）数据和NCEP气象资料,在夏季风环流指数定义方法的基础上,重新定义了南亚区域冬季风环流指数,并分别计算了南亚夏季风和冬季风环流指数. 结合冬夏两季环流的强弱变化采用相关分析、合成分析和奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition, SVD）等方法,探讨了环流异常形势下臭氧的时空变化特征. 结果表明:①南亚夏季纬向环流与经向环流的强度变化存在一致性,冬季经向环流与纬向环流的强度变化差异较大. ②南亚臭氧柱总量的季节变化明显,且近13年来臭氧柱总量整体呈上升趋势. ③夏季（冬季）风环流指数与对流层中低（中高）层和平流层中低层臭氧的相关性显著,但夏季平流层和对流层的相关趋势相反. ④夏季风环流增强对应青藏高原?伊朗高原上空及南侧区域的上升运动增强,对臭氧的输送作用是造成对流层臭氧分布呈现差异的原因. ⑤冬季风环流强弱期的垂直上升和下沉运动中心的移动,以及南北向、东西向气流交汇区的差异是造成臭氧分布不同的原因.     

青藏高原近地面层气象要素变化特征

利用第2次青藏高原气象科学实验(TIPEX)1998年5-7月改则、当雄和昌都3个大气边界层加强观测站获取的近地面层观测资料,分析了青藏高原西部、中部和东部地区近地面层风速、温度和湿度的日变化特征及其廓线规律,给出了青藏高原地区地表空气动力学参数和地表温度变化规律,讨论了高原近地面层湍流通量特征及逆湿现象。     

亚印太交汇区低纬上空不同层次大气臭氧的时空变化分析

 利用ECMWF 195709~200208共45a的多层臭氧质量混合比月平均资料,详细分析了亚印太交汇区(AIPO)低纬地带上空平流层、对流层各层次上臭氧浓度的分布特征.结果表明:①区域上空对流层、平流层及臭氧总量大尺度特征均显著,纬度带分布特征明显;②对流层和平流层臭氧各个季节变化趋势相反,平流层臭氧和臭氧总量各个季节变化趋势一致;同一层次夏季臭氧浓度变化趋势与其他3个季节变化趋势相反;③区域上空20~3hPa是臭氧浓度的高值区,50~30hPa臭氧平均变化幅度最大;④对流层臭氧距平变化在整个高度上较为一致,正、负距平随季节绕赤道做南、北半球摆动,且存在季节性突变;⑤赤道上空有明显从平流层上层随季节逐渐往较低层传播的臭氧正负距平现象.     

不同分辨率下青藏高原对大西洋经向翻转流影响的耦合模式研究

利用耦合地球系统模式CESM1.0, 探究不同分辨率下青藏高原对大西洋经向翻转流(AMOC)的影响。对比有青藏高原地形与无青藏高原地形的试验, 发现移除青藏高原后AMOC的变化与模式分辨率有关, 不同分辨率下AMOC的变化不一致, 低分辨率试验中AMOC强度降低 89%, 高分辨率试验中仅降低13%。产生这种差异的原因是, 不同分辨率下对深水形成有重要贡献的混合层潜沉位置和强度的变化显著不同: 低分辨率试验主要位于格陵兰海?冰岛海?挪威海(GIN), 高分辨率试验主要位于拉布拉多海, 移除青藏高原后, 高、低分辨率试验中潜沉均减弱, 但低分辨率试验中减弱幅度大于高分辨率试验, 高分辨率试验中位于拉布拉多海的潜沉强度减弱最明显, 低分辨率试验中所有海域的潜沉强度均减弱, GIN海域尤其明显。模拟结果与观测风场数据以及北大西洋深水形成最新观测结果的对比表明, 在所研究海域, 低分辨率耦合模式的模拟结果更接近观测值。