冬季Hadley环流活动与大气臭氧变化的关系研究

 利用1957年9月到2002年8月,共540个月的ECMWF的经向风和臭氧质量混合比资料,分析研究了冬季Hadley环流强弱特征的变化对臭氧变化的影响.分析指出在冬季伴随Hadley环流的增强,其中心南移,高度升高,臭氧在对流层增加,平流层减少,臭氧总量呈现出减少的趋势.Hadley环流的增强,中心南移,高度升高以及臭氧在对流层的增加对全球变暖是正反馈,而平流层臭氧减少,臭氧总量减少对全球变暖是负反馈.因此Hadley环流的强弱对臭氧的影响明显.     

上海地区臭氧垂直分布特征分析

对2007年5月至2009年12月期间上海市宝山国家气候观象台的臭氧探空观测数据分析表明, 臭氧的垂直分布主要受光化学和动力输送作用影响控制。光化学作用对臭氧分布的影响在边界层和平流层中上层非常明显。边界层内臭氧浓度呈正梯度变化, 受气温、辐射、水汽等因素的影响, 造成边界层臭氧浓度夏季最高、冬季最低的季节变化。在26 km以上的平流层中上层, 光化学作用使得夏季平流层中上层臭氧浓度最高, 冬季反之。动力输送过程对于对流层上层至平流层低层10~17 km高度影响显著, 平流层-对流层交换使得春季该层臭氧浓度最高。     

亚印太交汇区低纬上空不同层次大气臭氧的时空变化分析

 利用ECMWF 195709~200208共45a的多层臭氧质量混合比月平均资料,详细分析了亚印太交汇区(AIPO)低纬地带上空平流层、对流层各层次上臭氧浓度的分布特征.结果表明:①区域上空对流层、平流层及臭氧总量大尺度特征均显著,纬度带分布特征明显;②对流层和平流层臭氧各个季节变化趋势相反,平流层臭氧和臭氧总量各个季节变化趋势一致;同一层次夏季臭氧浓度变化趋势与其他3个季节变化趋势相反;③区域上空20~3hPa是臭氧浓度的高值区,50~30hPa臭氧平均变化幅度最大;④对流层臭氧距平变化在整个高度上较为一致,正、负距平随季节绕赤道做南、北半球摆动,且存在季节性突变;⑤赤道上空有明显从平流层上层随季节逐渐往较低层传播的臭氧正负距平现象.     

Hadley环流上升支特征及其与东亚臭氧变化的关系

 利用NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料和TOMS臭氧总量资料以及ECMWF臭氧混合比资料,用叠加计算方案分析了1992~2002年整10 a的平均经圈环流(MMC)气候态特征;在此基础上定义了Hadley环流上升支强度指数(HAI),研究Hadley环流上升支与东亚地区臭氧的相关关系.结果表明:南、北半球的2个Hadley环流圈的公共上升支具有明显的季节特征;冬、夏HAI(WHAI/SHAI)均表现出明显的年变化,WHAI在2月最强,SHAI在8月最强,WHCI与其所处高度的负相关性较夏季好.分析还指出,Hadley环流上升强度越强,同期东亚相对应的Hadley环流上升极值高度处对流层臭氧浓度越小.     

1979-2011年东亚地区大气臭氧层变化趋势分析

 采用1979—2011年欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim的臭氧总量资料和分层资料,利用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了东亚地区臭氧总量及对流层、平流层臭氧的变化趋势.研究结果表明：①1979—2011年东亚地区臭氧总量总体来看呈现下降趋势.进一步将所考时段分为2期来看,臭氧总量在II期(1994—2011)稍有上升趋势,但尚未达到Ⅰ期(1979—1993)的平均臭氧总量水平,故认为东亚地区臭氧总量在21世纪初的恢复尚不明显;②东亚臭氧总量33年中的突变点是1984年,显著下降时间是1986年以后;③对东亚对流层-平流层的4个代表层的研究发现,4个层次的臭氧质量分数年际变化均呈下降趋势,其中臭氧质量分数下降速率最快的层次是10hPa,从低层到高层,臭氧质量分数的下降速率呈现“快-慢-快”的变化特点.     

中国西南上空大气臭氧垂直分布的结构特征

 用球载电化学臭氧探空仪于2001年春季在中国西南昆明上空测得臭氧垂直分布的精细结构,结果表明臭氧垂直廓线具有多层次特征.在21～30km高度之间是臭氧分压多峰值的极大值层,极大值平均为15.13mPa,臭氧混合比极大值平均高度在30.2km.对流层顶附近臭氧分压存在极小值,且有南风分量的极大风层对应.对流层上层和平流层低层出现臭氧峰值时,其峰值层附近具有显著的冷平流特征.在5km以下观测到了不稳定的对流层臭氧高浓度峰值层.     

青藏高原和伊朗高原上空臭氧变化特征及其与南亚高压的关系

采用TOMS、HALOE和SAGEⅡ臭氧卫星观测资料,对青藏高原上空臭氧的垂直结构和变化特征以及伊朗高原臭氧低值中心做了相应的研究,并且对两个高原臭氧低值中心进行了对比.结果表明:夏季伊朗高原同青藏高原一样存在臭氧低值中心;青藏高原和伊朗高原上空臭氧含量的变化与同纬度带其他地区相比,在12～22km或120～30 hPa这个气层中减少最明显,在此气层中伊朗高原上臭氧的减少比青藏高原上的更厉害.进一步采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了亚洲上空位势场和位温的变化及其与臭氧变化的关系,结果显示青藏高原和伊朗高原上空臭氧含量的变化和南亚高压有着密切的关系.南亚高压正好处在青藏高原和伊朗高原上空,夏季当南亚高压中心偏伊朗高原时,伊朗高原上空臭氧总量比多年平均值低,6、7月份随南亚高压中心位置的变化,伊朗高原上空臭氧总量变化明显,而青藏高原上空臭氧总量变化不是很明显.利用此区域夏季等位温面的变化对上述关系的机理进行了初步的探讨.     

穿越东亚不同定义对流层顶质量和臭氧通量的分析

选取动力学和热力学定义的对流层顶作为平流层和对流层之间的分界,并利用等熵坐标下的Wei公式对东亚地区穿越对流层顶的质量和臭氧通量进行了分析,结果发现对流层顶的选择对于研究平流层与对流层交换方面的作用至关重要.东亚地区质量和臭氧通量交换在整体上具有明显的年代际变化特征,1958～2001年近44a的通量交换距平变化可以分为3个比较稳定的时段:即1958～1971,1972～1985和1986～2001年.在这3个时段中,通量交换距平分布表现为"负正负"的变化趋势,说明在东亚地区质量和臭氧净通量交换情况为先增强后减弱.东亚地区平流层和对流层之间质量和臭氧交换正距平区在东北平原和华北平原附近经历了一个逐渐增强的变化过程,表明这些区域在东亚地区平流层和对流层之间的质量和臭氧通量交换中扮演着越来越重要的角色.     

亚非夏季风年代际变化强度指数

根据海陆热力差异驱动季风的原理,利用夏季印度洋与欧亚大陆的地表面温度差定义了一个亚非夏季风年代际变化强度指数.该季风指数能很好地表征亚非夏季风强度的年代际变化,并且在年代际时间尺度上与亚非干旱半干旱过渡地区夏季降水量具有明显的反位相相关关系.亚非夏季风指数低位相时期,干旱半干旱地区从日本经我国华北、印度西北和北非Sahel地区是一条多雨带,亚洲大陆季风低压较强;亚非夏季风指数高位相时期,以上地区为少雨带,亚洲大陆季风低压较弱.弱夏季风时期与强夏季风时期相比,亚非季风区上空有辐合异常,不利于低空对流辐合上升.     

基于OMI数据分析青藏高原周边对流层低层臭氧的分布特征

提出一种利用地形海拔落差以及臭氧总量差来估算对流层低层大气臭氧浓度的方法.根据搭载于美国宇航局Aura卫星上的臭氧监测仪(OMI)提供的臭氧总量日观测数据,利用该方法计算出青藏高原与其周边地区四川盆地及印度北部的地形海拔落差及臭氧总量差,进一步分析了该地区低层大气臭氧的分布特征.结果表明:青藏高原周边地区对流层低层大气臭氧分布呈明显的季节变化,且低层大气臭氧分布有南北差异,南部臭氧含量高于北部.     

伴随南海季风爆发热带环流演变的合成分析

为了研究伴随南海夏季风爆发的热带环流的演变,利用40 a的NCEP逐日再分析资料,采用合成分析的方法对季风爆发前后的环流形势变化进行了讨论。合成结果中重点分析了随南海季风的爆发在对流层和平流层低层的流场都有显著变化的南亚、东南亚地区。结果表明,在对流层中印度洋赤道地区,在季风爆发前有东风扰动发展成为一对南北对称的低涡,随后北边的低涡演变成孟加拉湾低槽,低槽前的西南气流不断东扩,使西太副高东撤,南海季风爆发。低涡的演变和发展是影响南海季风爆发的重要因子之一。而高层的环流形势与低层不同,伴随季风爆发高层环流的演变则更多地体现出了全球尺度的特征。     

Ozone vertical variations during a typhoon derived from the OMI observations and reanalysis data

Typhoon is considered to play a key role in the dynamical exchange processes taking place between the troposphere and stratosphere. In this paper, the impact of typhoon on the ozone distribution in the upper troposphere and middle stratosphere is investigated using ozone profiles measured by Aura’s Ozone Monitoring Instrument and meteorological fields from reanalysis data. During the passage of Typhoon Hai-Tang in 2005 over the western North Pacific, low values of ozone column above 200 hPa and ozone mixing ratio between the upper troposphere and the middle stratosphere (from 200 to 50 hPa) are observed right above the typhoon’s track, a result due to the strong upward propagation of air associated with overshooting convection in typhoon. A comparative analysis of different stages of Hai-Tang suggests that in the region where typhoon has higher intensity the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport is enhanced. These results indicated that the typhoon has a significant impact on the ozone variation in the upper troposphere and the middle stratosphere.     

Seasonal cycle of the zonal land-sea thermal contrast and East Asian subtropical monsoon circulation

Based on analysis of the climatic temperature latitudinal deviation on middle troposphere, its seasonal cycle suggests that due to the rapid warming from eastern China continent to the east of Tibetan Plateau and the heating of Tibetan Plateau in spring, seasonal transition of the thermal difference between East Asia continent and West Pacific first takes place in the subtropical region with greatest intensity. On the accompanying low troposphere, the prevailing wind turns from northerly in winter to southerly in summer with the convection precipitation occurring at the same time. This maybe indicates the onset of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon. Consequently, we advice that the seasonal cycle formed by the zonal thermal contrast between Asian continent and West Pacific may be an independent driving force of East Asian subtropical monsoon.     

Mass exchange between stratosphere and trotosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings

Using NCEP dataset we calculate the exchange of mass across the thermal tropopause by the Wei's method from 1978 to 1997 over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. We also calculate the annual variation of aerosol and ozone of 100 hPa level with the monthly SAGE dataset from July 1988 to December 1993. Results indicate that ( i ) the mass from troposphere to stratosphere is magistral station in summer over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. The air transport reaches the summit in midsummer with two large value centers, which lie in the north of Bengal Bay and southeastern Tibetan Plateau, respectively. A large value center, which lies over the Tibetan Plateau, is smaller than that aforementioned. In winter, the mass transport is from stratosphere to troposphere, and reaches the minimum in January. ( ii ) As far as the 19-year mean cross-tropopause mass exchange from June to September is concerned, the net mass transport is 14.84x1018 kg from troposphere to stratosphere. So the area from the Tibetan Plateau to the Bengal Bay is a channel through which the mass of lower atmosphere layer gets into upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. (iii) The cross-tropopause mass may take the lower level aerosol to the tropopause. Then, the concentration of aerosol near the tropopause becomes larger, which may cause the content of ozone to reduce.     

青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东、南亚夏季风影响的初步数值模拟研究

利用一个耦合了简化的简单生物圈模式的大气环流谱模式（ＳＳｉＢ－ＧＣＭ），初步探讨了青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东、南亚夏季风环流和降水的影响及其机理。结果表明，高原地区冬季积雪增加将使随后的夏季东、南亚季风明显减弱，主要表现为东、南亚季风区降水减少，索马里急流、印度季风槽和印度西南气流减弱。另外，还提出欧亚大陆雪盖与整个高原雪盖和高原东部雪盖对东、南亚夏季风影响的敏感性问题。与欧亚大陆雪盖相比，高原雪盖是影响东、南亚季风的更敏感区，冬季高原以外雪盖增加，有可能使亚洲季风增强；当高原东部雪盖增加时，高原以东地区及印支半岛降水减少，印度东部、南部和孟加拉湾西北部降水反而增加     

Modeling the climate effects of different subregional uplifts within the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau on Asian summer monsoon evolution

Considering the different uplifting time of different subregions of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau(TP),a series of numerical simulations have been conducted with the Community Atmosphere Model(CAM4) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research to explore the effects of the phased tectonic uplift of the Himalaya-TP on the evolution of Asian summer monsoons.The results show that the uplifts of the Himalaya and northern TP significantly affect the evolutions of South Asian summer monsoon and northern East Asian summer monsoon respectively.That is,the tectonic uplift of the Himalaya intensifies the South Asian summer monsoon circulation and increases the precipitation in South Asia,whereas the uplift of the northern TP intensifies the northern East Asian summer monsoon circulation and increases the precipitation in northern East Asia.Compared with previous simulations,current comparative analyses of modeling results for different subregional uplifts within the Himalaya-TP help deepen our understanding of the evolutionary history of Asian monsoons.     

南亚地区生物体燃烧对昆明地区对流层中下层臭氧浓度的影响

2001-03-21在昆明用电化学臭氧探空仪探测到了对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布。这个个例中昆明对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布特征不同于2001-03-08的昆明个例。使用NCEP分析资料、中尺度数值模式MM5模拟的大气环流数据、卫星观测的东南亚地区的生物体燃烧状况、气溶胶指数等资料,分析了这段时间的天气形势、大气环流、空气块后向轨迹以及生物体燃烧产生的烟尘轨迹,结果发现高浓度的臭氧空气来源于有生物体燃烧的南亚地区。这与以往研究中东南亚地区生物体燃烧导致华南地区对流层低层臭氧浓度异常增高有所不同。     

南亚地区生物体燃烧对昆明地区对流层中下层臭氧浓度的影响

2001-03-21在昆明用电化学臭氧探空仪探测到了对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布。这个个例中昆明对流层低层异常的高浓度臭氧分布特征不同于2001-03-08的昆明个例。使用NCEP分析资料、中尺度数值模式MM5模拟的大气环流数据、卫星观测的东南亚地区的生物体燃烧状况、气溶胶指数等资料,分析了这段时间的天气形势、大气环流、空气块后向轨迹以及生物体燃烧产生的烟尘轨迹,结果发现高浓度的臭氧空气来源于有生物体燃烧的南亚地区。这与以往研究中东南亚地区生物体燃烧导致华南地区对流层低层臭氧浓度异常增高有所不同。     

Seasonal variation of global stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange

By Wei formula in pressure coordinate, the stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange (STME) is diagnosed globally for 44 years from 1958 to 2001 using the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis datasets. Regions of mass flux into the stratosphere are found over Indonesia, bay of Bangladesh and the mid-west coast of South Africa. Compensating mass outflow from the stratosphere appears mainly over mid-latitudes near large-scale troughs. Upward and downward transport of mass at the middle and high latitudes accompany with each other. Mass flux into troposphere is stronger in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Strong downward mass flux into the troposphere occurs in eastern Asia the whole year with nearly stable sites. Although the area of eastern Asia accounts for only 5.6% of that of the northern hemisphere (NH), its net mass exchange reaches 15.83% of that of the NH, which means that research on STME of eastern Asia is greatly important to that of the NH and even the global areas. Air across the tropopause enters more from stratosphere to troposphere than that from troposphere to stratosphere, which is possibly related with systematic bias of the assimilated datasets and with persistent rise of the tropopause height. Contributions of the mass exchange and the mass flux exchange in the NH and southern hemisphere (SH) on their latitudes increase from equator to pole, with larger contributions in the NH. Mass exchange and mass flux exchange per areas at high latitudes are larger than that at low latitudes, which means greater mass exchange efficiency at high latitudes.