石墨烯结构型氨气传感器研究进展

石墨烯基气体传感器具有噪声低、能耗小和常温下即可检测等优点,在医疗诊断、气体检测和农业生产等方面有着广泛的应用。然而,传统石墨烯型传感器往往存在着恢复时间长和选择性低等问题。为了使传感器工作更加灵敏,开发基于石墨烯及其衍生物的复合新型气敏材料用以降低恢复时间和提高选择性,是当前的主要研究热点。简要介绍了近年来石墨烯复合气敏材料（如金属氧化物半导体、导电聚合物、金属有机骨架化合物、二维过渡金属碳氮化物等）用于氨气检测的研究现状,展望了其在微机电系统集成化等领域的应用前景。     

A brief review of graphene-based material synthesis and its application in environmental pollution management

Graphene is an interesting two-dimensional carbon allotrope that has attracted considerable research interest because of its unique structure and physicochemical properties. Studies have been conducted on graphene-based nanomaterials including modified graphene, graphene/semiconductor hybrids, graphene/metal nanoparticle composites, and graphene-complex oxide composites. These nanomaterials inherit the unique properties of graphene, and the addition of functional groups or the nanoparticle composites on their surfaces improves their performance. Applications of these materials in pollutant removal and environmental remediation have been explored. From the viewpoint of environmental chemistry and materials, this paper reviews recent important advances in synthesis of graphene-related materials and their application in treatment of environmental pollution. The roles of graphene-based materials in pollutant removal and potential research are discussed.     

石墨烯基TiO_2复合材料的表征及其可见光催化活性研究

以氧化石墨烯与石墨烯为碳源,在熔盐介质中与钛粉反应原位生成石墨烯基TiC中间产物,并通过后续控制氧化制得石墨烯基TiO_2复合光催化剂,结合FTIR、XRD、Raman、SEM等手段,对两种石墨烯材料的结构及形貌差异进行表征,并分析了其对所制复合材料结构、形貌及可见光催化活性的影响。结果表明,所制复合材料仍保持碳源的层片状结构,TiC和TiO_2颗粒均匀包覆在碳源表面;以石墨烯为碳源更有利于表面原位生成TiC晶粒的生长,其晶体结构更为完善;两种结构的石墨烯基TiO_2复合材料均对目标污染物亚甲基蓝有较强的吸附能力和可见光降解能力。     

Nonlinear optical properties of graphene-based materials

Graphene,a two-dimensional carbon atom sheet,has attracted tremendous attention and research interest because of its exceptional physical properties.Graphene has high mobility and optical transparency,in addition to flexibility,robustness and environmental stability.The main focus so far has been on fundamental physics and electronic devices.However,because the linear dispersion of the Dirac electrons enables ultrawideband tunability,we believe its true potential lies in photonics and optoelectronics.In this review,we introduce recent advances in the nonlinear optical properties of graphene-based materials.The rise of graphene in nonlinear optics is shown by several recent results,ranging from saturable absorbers and the four-wave mixing effect to giant two-photon absorption,reverse saturable absorption and optical limiting.The relevant forms of the graphene-based materials include pure graphene,graphene oxide and graphene hybrids.     

Applications of graphene-based materials in environmental protection and detection

Many efficient adsorbents and sensors based on graphene and functionalized graphene have been constructed for the removal and detection of environmental pollutants due to its unique physicochemical properties. In this article, recent research achievements are reviewed on the application of graphene-based materials in the environmental protection and detection. For environmental protection, modified graphene can adsorb heavy metal ions in a high efficiency and selectivity, and thus reduces them to metals for recycling. High adsorption capacity of graphene-based materials to kinds of organic pollutants in water was also presented. Several graphene-based sensors with high limit of detection were reported to detect heavy metal ions, toxic gases and organic pollutants in environment. Finally, a perspective on the future challenge of adsorbents and detection devices based on graphene is given.     

基于固/气反应的氧化石墨烯水热还原研究

【目的】对氧化石墨烯的水热还原过程进行系统研究。【方法】采用改进的水热装置,以乙醇为还原剂,通过固/气反应成功实现了水热条件下氧化石墨烯的还原,制备得到石墨烯。通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线近边吸收谱(XANES)和热重分析(TGA)对石墨烯材料的结构和性质进行了测试,探讨水热条件下乙醇蒸汽对氧化石墨烯的还原效果。【结果】研究结果表明,水热环境下的固/气反应还原能够有效地去除氧化石墨烯上的含氧基团,石墨烯的π网格结构得到很好的恢复。还原后的石墨烯材料比氧化石墨烯具有更为优异的热稳定性。【结论】该方法低成本、高效、环保,可用于石墨烯的大规模制备。     

射频等离子体处理对氧化石墨烯的影响

分别使用氢气和氩气射频等离子体放电处理氧化石墨烯溶液,快速的对氧化石墨烯进行还原,同时得到了三维多孔的表面形貌。结果显示,还原性气体(氢气)对氧化石墨烯的还原程度高于惰性气体(氩气)对其的还原;通过改变射频等离子体的放电功率,表明放电功率越大,氧化石墨烯的还原程度越高。用射频等离子体还原氧化石墨烯,方法更有效且环境友好,处理后得到的三维多孔形貌的还原氧化石墨烯有望进一步应用于超级电容器、锂电池、传感器等领域。     

Gas sensors for CO_2 detection based on RGO–PEI films at room temperature

In this paper,polyethyleneimine(PEI)and reduced graphene oxide(RGO)were selected as sensing materials for carbon dioxide detection.Two kinds of sensors with different sensitive film structures,i.e.,RGO–PEI composite film and RGO–PEI bi-layer film were fabricated by airbrushing the sensitive films on interdigitated electrodes.Response performances of both sensors at room temperature were investigated.Results showed that sensors with bi-layer film exhibited smaller baseline drift and more stable sensing characteristics than the counterparts with composite film.Furthermore,bi-layer film sensors with different quantity of PEI solution deposited were studied.Performances of long-time stability,repeatability,low concentration of detection for carbon dioxide,and measurements of response time and recovery time were investigated.It was found that appropriate weight ratio of RGO and PEI was critical for sensing response.In addition,the sensor with bi-layer film exhibited a better repeatability but had longer response time and recovery time than RGO single-layer sensor,and both of them could detect as low as20 parts per million carbon dioxide gas.Sensing responses of the prepared sensors to carbon dioxide under dry air or nitrogen were compared.The relevant sensing mechanisms were studied as well.     

Unique synthesis of graphene-based materials for clean energy and biological sensing applications

Graphene has unique physical properties,and a variety of proof-of-concept devices based on graphene have been demonstated.A prerequisite for the application of graphene is its production in a controlled manner because the number of graphene layers and the defects in these layers significantly influence transport properties.In this paper,we briefly review our recent work on the controlled synthesis of graphene and graphene-based composites,the development of methods to characterize graphene layers,and the use of graphene in clean energy applications and for rapid DNA sequencing.For example,we have used Auger electron spectroscopy to characterize the number and structure of graphene layers,produced single-layer graphene over a whole Ni film substrate,synthesized well-dispersed reduced graphene oxide that was uniformly grafted with unique gold nanodots,and fabricated graphene nanoscrolls.We have also explored applications of graphene in organic solar cells and direct,ultrafast DNA sequencing.Finally,we address the challenges that graphene still face in its synthesis and clean energy and biological sensing applications.     

基于嗅觉可视化技术的猪肉新鲜度检测

嗅觉可视化技术是使非可见物质成像(主要是气体成像)的一种无损检测新技术,属人工嗅觉模拟技术的一个新分支.使用卟啉和pH指示剂作为嗅觉可视化传感器阵列的气敏材料,检测猪肉中的优势致腐菌和新鲜度.将3种优势致腐菌(梭状芽孢杆菌、热死环丝菌、假单胞菌)分别接种至3组猪肉样本中,在3种温度(-16℃,4℃和20℃)条件下分别贮藏不同的时间后,采用扫描仪获取可视化传感器阵列与每个样本反应前后的图像信息;将阵列反应前后的颜色差值作为样本特征值,对不同的猪肉样本经不同贮藏时间后产生的挥发性气味,可视化传感器阵列显示其特定的颜色图像与其对应.结果表明,嗅觉可视化技术可以用于检测猪肉的优势致腐菌以及判断猪肉的新鲜度.     

缺陷石墨烯的可控制备及其室温湿敏性能

利用活泼的金属钠还原廉价的糖类,成功实现了一种缺陷石墨烯的可控制备,该石墨烯材料在室温下表现出极佳的湿敏性能. 表征结果显示:蔗糖前驱体使石墨烯片层厚度增加到0.4 nm,并改变缺陷石墨烯表面的修饰基团及缺陷含量(摩尔分数). 蔗糖前驱体制备的缺陷石墨烯,其表面含氧基团的摩尔分数可达24.2%. 不同缺陷含量的石墨烯样品室温湿敏性能表现不同. 相比不加糖类的石墨烯样品,蔗糖前驱体制备的缺陷石墨烯室温湿敏性能最高可提升4.5倍. 研究结果可为石墨烯基材料在室温气敏探测方面的应用提供技术参考.     

纳米WO3材料NO2气敏特性的研究

通过热分解法 ,制备获得纳米WO3 材料 ,以此WO3 为气敏材料 ,应用溶胶凝胶法 ,制备纳米SiO2 掺杂材料 ,研制NO2 气敏元件 .该元件对NO2 气体有较高的灵敏度和较好的选择性 .利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪 ,分析材料的微观结构 ,进行气敏特性机理探讨 .     

Graphene-based hybrid materials and their applications in energy storage and conversion

Graphene attracts more and more scientists and researchers owing to its superior electronic,thermal,and mechanical properties.For material scientists,graphene is a kind of versatile building blocks,and considerable progress has been made in recent years.Graphene-based hybrid materials have been prepared by incorporating inorganic species and/or cross-linking of organic species through covalent and/or noncovalent interactions.The graphene-based hybrid materials show improved or excellent performance in various fields.In this review,we summarize the synthesis of graphene and graphene-based hybrid materials,and their applications in energy storage and conversion.     

A review on hybridization modification of graphene and its polymer nanocomposites

Recently,graphene has attracted numerous interests from both fundamental and applied fields due to its excellent mechanical,thermal,electrical conductivity and other novel properties.This review gives an overview of recent progress on hybridization modifications of graphene with carbon nanomaterials.Some example applications of graphene-based nanohybrids in polymer composites,optical and conducting materials,high performance electrolyte materials and as well as other functional materials are summarized and discussed.     

基于原子力显微镜的石墨烯可控裁剪方法研究

石墨烯是一种新奇的纳米材料,其电学特性与几何构型密切相关,因此特定几何构型的加工技术是石墨烯基纳米器件走入实际应用的关键．然而迄今为止,还没有能够快速、低成本实现上述目标的方法．本文提出了一种基于原子力显微镜（AFM）机械切割的石墨烯裁剪方法,实现了各种石墨烯纳米结构如纳米带、三角形等的可控加工;探索了载荷与裁剪效果之间的关系,同时结合旋转基底法实现了AFM针尖效应对切割力检测影响的有效克服,在理论和实验上系统研究了晶格切割方向对纳米切割力大小的影响．本研究表明实时切割力可以作为纳米加工过程的状态反馈信息来指引纳米切割的进行,这为实现晶格精度的石墨烯可控加工奠定了理论与实验基础,由于该方法还具有与并行探针相兼容的优点,因此有望在规模化、批量化、低成本的石墨烯基纳米器件制造中发挥重要作用．     

钼掺杂氧化铁基纳米材料的合成及气敏性能研究

利用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法合成掺杂钼的Fe2O3复合氧化物对H2S等还原性气体有很高的灵敏度,并利用XRD对产品的物相进行了分析;用TEM或SEM对粉体晶粒的粒径和形貌进行了观察;将产物粉体制成气敏元件,采用静态配气法在气敏测试仪上进行了灵敏度和响应-恢复曲线的测试,研究证明钼铁复合氧化物对H2S气体有很好的气敏特性,其中...     

甲醛气体传感器的研究

以纳米材料SnO_2、Zn O为原料的气敏传感器对大多数VOC气体具有敏感性.以SnO_2和ZnO为基料制作旁热式甲醛气敏元件,并比较二者的气敏特性.选用对甲醛敏感的SnO_2材料作为元件基料,为改善其对甲醛的气敏特性,选择0.3%La_2O_3、0.5%La2O3、0.7%La_2O_3的3种比例掺杂,运用控制变量法分别在不同烧结温度和不同工作温度下进行测试.结果表明:掺杂0.3%La_2O_3的SnO_2气敏元件在烧结温度为700℃,工作温度为300℃下对甲醛的气敏特性良好.     

石墨烯基电极材料在超级电容器中的应用

随着能源消耗的日渐增长,寻找低成本、环保、寿命长的储能设备迫在眉睫。在超级电容器领域,石墨烯电极材料以其高比电容、优异倍率性能、良好导电性等优势而受到广泛关注。对石墨烯材料的制备方法、电化学性能及相关机制做了总结,目的是研究不同结构的石墨烯材料对超级电容器性能的影响,并找到性能较为优异的石墨烯基材料。最后分析了石墨烯基电极材料发展中存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

石墨烯材料在气体传感器中的应用

介绍了石墨烯作为气敏材料在气体传感器件中的应用特点,包括所用石墨烯的制备方法,不同方法合成的石墨烯在器件加工时的特点,不同类型的传感器对气体的检测情况,以及该类传感器的主要缺陷和改进的一些基本方法.结合作者的部分工作,指出与半导体材料复合的方式代表了石墨烯在气体传感器领域应用的一个主要方向.     

电化学还原石墨烯用于水合肼的电催化氧化及检测

采用电化学还原技术制备了还原石墨烯.采用扫描电镜、Raman光谱、AFM等技术表征了石墨烯的形貌和结构特征.采用电化学测试技术研究了还原石墨烯修饰电极的电化学性能及对水合肼(N_2H_4·H_2O)的电催化氧化活性.结果表明,该石墨烯电极材料具有优异的电子传导性能.与裸玻碳电极相比,石墨烯修饰电极对水合肼表现出优异的电催化氧化活性.在最佳的实验条件下,将该石墨烯修饰电极用于水合肼的灵敏检测.在1×10~(-5)~1×10~(-4) mol/L范围内,氧化峰电流与水合肼的浓度呈良好的线性关系.该石墨烯修饰电极材料有望用于环境中水合肼等有机小分子的灵敏检测.