RRA处理对超高强铝合金抗应力腐蚀性能的影响

通过力学性能、电导率及拉伸应力腐蚀性能测试、扫描电镜及透射电镜观察，研究回归再时效（RRA）热处理工艺对一种新型低频电磁铸造合Al-9．99％Zn-1．72％Cu-2．5％MR-0．13％Zr（质量分数）的力学性能和抗应力腐蚀性能的影响，探讨RRA处理后合金的电导率与抗应力腐蚀性能的关系。研究结果表明：在峰值时效T6状态下合金强度高，但抗应力腐蚀性能差；采用合适的RRA热处理工艺既能使合金保持T6状态下的高强度的同时，又能显著改善合金的抗应力腐蚀性能；经回归7minRRA处理后合金的晶界类似T73态析出相聚集粗化，而晶内类似T6态析出相细小弥散分布，在拉伸应力为210MPa和3．0％NaCl＋o．5％H2O2腐蚀液中，共断裂时间大于720h，相应的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为195MPa，767MPa和9．1%，显示优越的综合性能。此外，RRA处理后合金的电导率与拉伸应力腐蚀性能为正相关。     

高Zn超高强铝合金的回归再时效处理

研究了不同回归再时效(RRA)制度对高Zn超高强铝合金的力学性能和微观组织的影响.研究结果表明:采用120 ℃×4 h预时效 回归30 min 120 ℃×24 h时效RRA处理时,可以使合金保持较高的强度,达到740～750 MPa,与T6态合金相比,其强度仅下降5%,晶内析出组织与T6态合金的组织基本相似,而晶界析出相聚集、粗化,与过时效相似;随着回归时间延长,合金的强度逐渐下降,而延伸率略有提高;采用较高的时效温度130 ℃进行RRA处理时,虽然合金强度仍然能够保持在700 MPa以上,但是Ag的加入促进了较高温度下晶内粗大平衡相的析出,极大地降低了合金的塑性.     

时效处理对7085铝合金锻件组织和腐蚀性能的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验、剥落腐蚀试验、极化曲线及透射电镜等分析方法,研究时效处理对7085铝合金锻件腐蚀性能的影响.研究结果表明:与T6时效合金相比,合金经T74时效的抗应力腐蚀和抗剥落腐蚀性能提高但强度显著降低;经RRA时效处理,合金保持了较高强度的同时,应力腐蚀性能敏感性降低,抗剥落腐蚀性能提高;在腐蚀溶液中,极化曲线测试也表现出同样的趋势:合金经过RRA时效处理,形成粗大且不连续的晶界析出相是提高腐蚀性能的主要原因.     

近固溶度高温析出对7055铝合金时效强化和应力腐蚀的影响

对7055合金采用先高温固溶后降温析出处理,通过光学显微镜、TEM观察和力学性能测试,分析了固溶后高温预析出处理对7055铝合金显微组织及力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:先高温固溶后再进行降温处理,在近固溶度条件下于晶界处产生预析出,并提高了后续时效状态下晶界析出相不连续分布的程度;这种预析出在保持高强度和高塑性的同时,可以改善合金的应力腐蚀抗力.     

热处理对Mg-5Al-2.5Ca-0.9Si合金组织及力学性能影响

利用带有EDS的电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分析了铸态和热处理后的Mg-5Al-2.5Ca-0.9Si合金的组织特征并测试铸态和热处理后合金常温、高温(150℃)力学性能,结果表明:合金中强化相为Mg2Si和Al2Ca;铸态下Mg2Si由于Ca的变质作用呈有不闭合孔洞的多边形,Al2Ca大多以不连续骨骼状共晶出现;经热处理后,Mg2Si基本没有变化;不连续骨骼状共晶组织消失并析出块状、颗粒状Al2Ca,且随T6处理中时效时间增长析出量越来越多并有聚集生长趋势;T6(420℃×24h+200℃×24h)处理为Mg-5Al-2.5Ca-0.9Si合金的最佳热处理工艺,此时力学性能最佳;强化相Al2Ca的形貌及分布对于Mg-5Al-2.5Ca-0.9Si合金高温力学性能的影响较对常温力学性能的影响更为明显.     

稀土钇强化Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金的组织特征

在熔炼过程中以铝钇中间合金形式加入Y元素,研究0～0.30%范围内不同Y加入量对铝合金铸态和均匀化处理后凝固组织的影响.金相显微和扫描电镜检测结果显示:当Y的加入量在0.25%时,铸态组织中晶粒细化效果明显,晶粒度由基体的60～70μm下降到40～50μm,二次枝晶间距减小,晶界处的主要平衡相是T(AlZnMgCu)相和含Y相.经过450℃,12h的均匀化处理后,晶界不再粗大、连续,析出物呈点链状或长条状.对于0.25%Y-7055合金,晶界中析出相不再明显,晶界、晶内可见2～3μm的含Y相Al3Y和Al2Y,加Y后的合金组织材料性能得到改善.     

氧化温度和冷凝液硫含量对SUS441铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀行为的影响

利用高温氧化-冷凝液浸蚀循环腐蚀方法模拟汽车排气系统内部服役环境,结合腐蚀形貌观察和析出相分析,对比研究了氧化温度及冷凝液中硫含量对SUS441铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,经过150次氧化-冷凝液浸蚀循环腐蚀后,SUS441铁素体不锈钢表面均发生了不同程度的局部腐蚀。当氧化处理温度相同时,喷涂高硫冷凝液的试验钢的晶间腐蚀程度严重于采用低硫冷凝液的情况;而喷涂相同硫含量的冷凝液时,800℃氧化处理后试验钢的晶间腐蚀程度比400℃处理时更深。结合显微组织观察可知,当氧化温度为800℃时,试验钢晶界处有大量Fe_2Nb Laves相析出,而400℃处理后晶界处无析出相形成。由此可见,氧化温度对SUS441铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀行为的影响更为显著,且晶界析出相是导致该不锈钢产生晶间腐蚀的主要原因。     

超固相线液相烧结Inconel 718合金

以惰性气体雾化粉末为原料,采用超固相线液相烧结方法制备了Inconel 718粉末高温合金,研究了粉末合金的烧结温度和热处理制度对合金组织和力学性能的影响. 实验结果表明:在1240℃真空烧结120min可以制备出相对密度为98.5%的粉末合金,后续的热等静压处理可以将其相对密度提高到99.7%;经热处理后,合金的抗拉强度和延伸率分别为1280MPa和9%;析出相为球形γ′相、针状γ″相以及粗大的碳化物,平均晶粒大小在50μm以下.     

淬火速率对Al-5Zn-3Mg-1Cu铝合金厚板剥落腐蚀的影响

采用末端淬火和腐蚀浸泡方法研究了淬火速率对Al-5Zn-3Mg-1Cu铝合金厚板剥落腐蚀性能的影响,结合金相显微镜、透射电镜和扫描透射电镜微观组织表征对影响机理进行了分析和探讨.Al-5Zn-3Mg-1Cu铝合金的剥落腐蚀性能随淬火速率的减小(2 160℃/min→100℃/min)而下降,腐蚀等级由P级变为ED级,最大腐蚀深度从15μm增加至530μm.淬火速率减小导致晶界析出相数量增加,其中Zn,Mg元素含量上升,无沉淀析出带宽化,是剥落腐蚀性能下降的主要原因.     

Zr_(42)Co_(58)合金的微观组织和力学性能

利用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜、万能试验机和扫描电镜等仪器研究在不同热处理温度下的Zr_(42)Co_(58)合金的微观组织、力学性能和断裂机制。结果表明,在723 K和773 K热处理合金的相组成和铸态合金的相组成相同,基体为塑性相B2相,在基体上析出大量的B33相,且B33相相对含量随着热处理温度的增加而减少。铸态合金和热处理合金的组织形貌中,B33相的形状呈等轴状、条状和枝状,其中,等轴状颗粒和条状组织尺寸范围分别为5~15μm和20~100μm。在773 K进行热处理,合金屈服强度为1287 MPa,而断裂强度为1443 MPa,塑性应变为2.27%,维氏硬度为597 HV。再对断口进行分析,铸态合金和在723 K下热处理合金断裂机制均为延性断裂,而在773 K下热处理合金断裂机制为解理断裂。     

RRA处理对1973铝合金晶间腐蚀与剥蚀的影响

采用维氏硬度、室温拉伸、极化曲线测试和晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀试验等方法,并结合金相(OM)和透射电镜(TEM)分析,研究回归再时效(RRA)过程对1973铝合金力学性能及晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀的影响。研究结果表明:1973铝合金经不同时效处理后晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀趋势相同,耐蚀性能由大到小的RRA工艺顺序为:200℃,60 min;180℃,60 min;180℃,40 min;180℃,20 min;T6。RRA 180℃处理适量时间可提高1973铝合金的强度和抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能,并且随着回归时间的延长耐蚀性能提高,但强度有所下降。而RRA 200℃,60 min处理与180℃处理相比,虽然有更好耐蚀性能,但是强度损失太大。因此,1973铝合金经RRA 180℃,60 min处理后具有较好的综合性能。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy subject to deep cryogenic treatments

AZ91 magnesium alloy was subjected to a deep cryogenic treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) methods were utilized to characterize the composition and microstructure of the treated samples. The results show that after two cryogenic treatments, the quantity of the precipitate hardening β phase increases, and the sizes of the precipitates are refined from 8–10 μm to 2–4 μm. This is expected to be due to the decreased solubility of aluminum in the matrix at low temperature and the significant plastic deformation owing to internal differences in thermal contraction between phases and grains. The polycrystalline matrix is also noticeably refined, with the sizes of the subsequent nanocrystalline grains in the range of 50–100 nm. High density dislocations are observed to pile up at the grain boundaries, inducing the dynamic recrystallization of the microstructure, leading to the generation of a nanocrystalline grain structure. After two deep cryogenic treatments, the tensile strength and elongation are found to be substantially increased, rising from 243 MPa and 4.4% of as-cast state to 299 MPa and 5.1%.     

Effect of pre-recovery on microstructure and properties of rolled Al-12.18Zn-3.31Mg-1.43Cu-0.20Zr-0.04Sr aluminum alloy

The independently designed and manufactured ultra-high-strength aluminum alloy Al-12.18 Zn-3.31 Mg-1.43 Cu-0.20 Zr-0.04 Sr was investigated via scanning electron microscopy observations, X-ray diffraction analysis, hardness tests, electrical conductivity tests, tensile tests, intergranular corrosion tests, and exfoliation corrosion tests. The effect of pre-recovery on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this aluminum alloy was also studied. The results show that the pre-recovery heat treatment releases deformation energy, inhibits recrystallization, and decreases the dislocation density. Although the pre-recovery heat treatment has little effect on the hardness, electrical conductivity, and elongation of this aluminum alloy, it can dramatically improve the alloy's tensile strength(the maximum tensile strength increased from 785.0 MPa to 809.2 MPa). Moreover, the tensile properties of this aluminum alloy have a certain degree of isotropy, and the pre-recovery heat treatment does not affect this property. In addition, the rolled aluminum alloy exhibits good corrosion resistance, but the effect of the pre-recovery heat treatment on the alloy's resistance to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion is negligible.     

Intergranular precipitation of copper-nickel alloys induced by seawater corrosion

This paper presents the observed grain boundary structure of Cu：Ni 70：30 alloy tubes before and after exposure to seawater. The results show that the thin platelet precipitates along grain boundaries of the alloys nucleated in the process of heat treatment and coarsened when they were exposed to seawater, indicating that the coarsening was induced by seawater corrosion. The diffraction image of the precipitate is fringe structure and possessed its own wave lengths. The fine scale structure is susceptible to intergranular corrosion, which could be confirmed by corrosion morphology observation of specimens after a long-time seawater exposure. The experiments were carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, optical metallography （OM） and tensile testing etc., detecting corrosion morphology, microstructure and the mechanical property change due to the precipitation coarsening induced at grain boundaries of the specimens during exposure in seawater.     

深冷处理对Inconel 617合金组织和力学性能的影响

深冷处理方法由于操作简单,价格低廉且对材料性能改善明显目前被广泛应用.采用深冷处理方法对Inconel 617合金进行了不同处理时间和次数条件下的试验.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了Inconel 617合金的微观组织结构,采用万能拉力试验机进行了室温下的拉伸试验.结果表明:深冷处理后Inconel 617合金的晶粒尺寸得到了细化.单次深冷处理12、24 h后合金的小角度晶界分数增大,这有助于合金拉伸强度和塑性的提高.但是深冷处理后合金中析出了大量的碳化物,降低了其强度.     

淬火转移时间对1933铝合金拉伸性能、腐蚀性能及微观组织的影响

通过常温拉伸性能测试、晶间和剥落腐蚀试验、光学显微镜及透射电子显微镜研究淬火转移时间(5～90 s)对1933铝合金锻件拉伸性能、腐蚀性能及微观组织的影响.研究结果表明:随着淬火转移时间延长,合金的拉伸性能和耐腐蚀性能均降低;当转移时间增加至90 s时,抗拉强度下降7.5％,屈服强度下降9％,伸长率下降约20％,腐蚀深度增加400％.淬火转移时间过长导致晶粒内部析出粗大的平衡η相,降低了时效强化效果;晶界无沉淀析出带宽化,降低了伸长率和耐腐蚀性能.为获得良好的综合性能,转移时应使该合金产品淬火时的温度不低于约366℃.     

基于厚向组织性能考量的7B50铝合金中厚板回归再时效热处理

为解决T6态高强铝合金强度高而耐蚀性难以满足使用需求,采用三级时效工艺来改善析出强化相特别是晶界析出相的形貌、尺寸、分布等,并通过研究不同回归处理制度对组织、性能的影响而获得适宜7B50铝合金中厚板的三级时效工艺.研究发现提高回归温度或延长回归时间均会使中厚板心部及表层组织的晶内和晶界析出相发生粗化并析出稳定η-MgZn2相,导致强度下降、电导率上升,其中回归温度对强度和电导率的影响显著.三级时效处理虽使晶内析出相尺寸有所增加,但却使T6态连续分布的晶界析出相呈断续分布,结合心部和表层强度及电导率测量结果认为合适的回归处理制度为165℃/6 h.然而,热轧引起中厚板表层较心部更为严重的变形使表层含有更多的亚晶或亚结构且其分布更均匀,从而使表层更快到达峰时效,进一步的回归再时效处理则使表层析出更多稳定η相,而η相的形成与晶内析出相的粗化长大是造成表层和心部强度差异的关键.虽然淬火/三级时效态表层和心部的晶粒结构存在差异,且局部出现亚晶合并长大,但其对强度的提升效果远低于表层析出稳定η相所引起的强度下降.可见,三级时效工艺并不能缓解7B50铝合金中厚板心部和表层的性能差异,但可使表层和心部的强度、电导率满足某实际工况要求.     

Effect of pre-annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy bars

Taking extruded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy (7A04 alloy) bars as the research object, the effect and mechanism of pre-annealing treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the aged alloy bars were investigated. The results show that a pre-annealing treatment at 350℃ for 15 h before a T6 treatment substantially reduced the sensitivity of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the extruded 7A04 aluminum alloy specimens toward the extrusion temperature. The average grain sizes of the specimens extruded at 390 and 430℃ after T6 treatment were 3.4 and 8.1 μm, respectively, and their elongations to failure were 7.0% and 9.2%, respectively. However, after pre-annealing + T6 treatment, the differences in both the grain sizes and the elongations of the specimens became small, i.e., their average grain sizes were 3.2 and 3.8 μm and their elongations were 12.0% and 13.3%, respectively. For the specimens extruded at the same temperature, pre-annealing treatment obviously improved the plasticity of the alloy, which is attributed to an increase in soft texture or to grain refinement in the specimens as a result of the pre-annealing + T6 treatment.     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and properties of a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling

In view of the special requirements for strength, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling, the Al-6.2 Zn-2.5 Mg-1.6 Cu alloy was prepared by increasing Cu content on basis of Russian Series 1953 alloy. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and properties of the alloy was characterized by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM), and investigated by tensile test at room temperature, thermal exposure test and corrosion test. The results show that the strength after T6 aging treatment exhibit a decrease trend as an increase of the solution temperature from465 °C to 480 °C. After the solution treated by the rate of 470 °C/1 h, second phases dissolve into the matrix very well and the strength property reaches optimum. The alloy has better comprehensive properties treated by a solution treatment of 470 °C/1 h and then followed by an aging treatment of 120 °C/24 h + 170 °C/1 h + 120 °C/24 h. Under the aging state, the precipitated phases inside the grains are suitable in size, while on the grain boundary distribute discontinuously and the precipitate-free zone is obvious. Besides, the alloy still maintain high tensile properties. The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are 650 MPa, 686 MPa,12.0%, respectively. The yield strength retention after heat exposure is 92%. The alloy has good corrosion resistance and the exfoliation corrosion degree. The average corrosion rate in the H_2S and CO_2 environment is 0.0024 mm/a, which is far less than the required 0.12 mm/a. It is insensitive to H_2S and CO_2 environments.