Ultrastructural Observation of the Skin Chloride Cells of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Turbot Scophthamus maximus Larvae

The ultrastructures of skin chloride cells in cultured Japanese flounder and turbot larvae in metamorphosis,which grow in the same feeding conditions,are examined with a transmission electron microscope.These developed skin chloride cells were shaped like flattened ellipsoids and similar in morphology and ultrastructure to typical chloride cells of euryhaline fish gill.They locate in the epidermis and contract with the extra and interior environment through the apical pit and narrow channels.The cytoplasm of cell is full of numerous mitochondria and a ramifying network of tubules.The degeneration of skin chloride cells is observed with development of Japanese flounder larvae.Skin chloride cells of turbot are less developmental than those of Japanese flounder in the same developmental stage.     

非洲爪蟾蜍变态期变态异常个体的性腺发育

作者对16只变态期变态异常的非洲爪蟾幼体的性腺进行了解剖及细胞学的观察.实验结果表明,变态异常个体的性腺发育与同龄正常发育者完全一致,而与其身体的外形,即个体的大小及完全变态与否没有密切关系.     

耐温牙鲆分子标记辅助选育研究

应用分子标记进行耐温牙鲆的辅助选育.首先应用已知的与耐温性为极显著负相关的牙鲆微卫星引物Po42对50尾牙鲆亲鱼DNA进行PCR分析,根据PCR分析结果将其分成耐温组和非耐温组.经过人工催产,耐温组的产卵量明显大于非耐温组和对照组.耐温组繁育的子代仔鱼变态率明显比非耐温组和对照组子代高.在人工增温的条件下,耐温组仔鱼成活率比非耐温组和对照组的仔鱼显著提高.本研究结果证明,牙鲆微卫星引物Po42可用于耐温牙鲆的分子标记辅助选育,同时也进一步确认其与牙鲆耐温性状具有关联性.     

牙鲆fibrinogen β基因的克隆及表达分析

 通过mRNA差异显示发现一个鳗弧菌刺激后在牙鲆肝脏中表达量显著增加的片段,结合RACE技术得到了该差异片段1 856 bp的全长cDNA,包含一个1 479 bp的开放阅读框,编码的蛋白质含有fibrinogen β的C末端签名序列。同源性分析表明其氨基酸序列与鱼类以及哺乳类的fibrinogen β都具有高度的相似性,因此可断定此基因为牙鲆的fibrinogen β基因(GenBank登录号为EF581895)。RT-PCR分析表明,在注射鳗弧菌后,该基因在肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、腮、肠、心脏中的表达量呈现逐渐增加的趋势。推测其可能在鳗弧菌侵染中,起到了促进伤口愈合的作用,或通过和其他细胞因子结合在防御细菌的侵染中发挥免疫调节作用。     

牙鲆fibrinogen β基因的克隆及表达分析

通过mRNA差异显示发现一个鳗弧菌刺激后在牙鲆肝脏中表达量显著增加的片段,结合RACE技术得到了该差异片段1 856 bp的全长cDNA,包含一个1 479 bp的开放阅读框,编码的蛋白质含有fibrinogen β的C末端签名序列.同源性分析表明其氨基酸序列与鱼类以及哺乳类的fibrinogen β都具有高度的相似性,因此可断定此基因为牙鲆的fibrinogen β基因(GenBank登录号为EF581895).RT-PCR分析表明,在注射鳗弧菌后,该基因在肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、腮、肠、心脏中的表达量呈现逐渐增加的趋势.推测其可能在鳗弧菌侵染中,起到了促进伤口愈合的作用,或通过和其他细胞因子结合在防御细菌的侵染中发挥免疫调节作用.     

寄主对丝带凤蝶幼虫和蛹发育和存活的影响

以丝带风蝶北京种群和武汉种群为材料,测定其取食马兜铃和北马兜铃后的幼虫及蛹的存活率、发育历期.研究结果表明,在25℃和28℃配合光周期16 L:8D h条件下,各处理幼虫和蛹存活率差异不显著.丝带凤蝶幼虫发育历期受温度、种群、寄主及其交互作用的影响显著.蛹发育历期显著受温度、种群及其交互作用的影响,寄主仅与种群问存在交...     

垃圾填埋场渗沥液对部分淡水藻类的作用

报道了上海市老港垃圾填埋场2001年12月31日排放的渗沥液对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻和蛋白核小球藻的生长、叶绿素a含量、细胞大小的影响。渗沥液影响藻类细胞的大小。渗沥液对铜绿微囊藻生长影响作用大于斜生栅藻和蛋白核小球藻。未处理的渗沥液比处理后的渗沥液对藻类影响作用大。     

免疫机制在心肌炎发生、发展中的作用

免疫机制在心肌炎发病机制中有着重要的作用．心肌炎发病时，外周血中淋巴细胞及其亚群发生明显改变，外周血淋巴细胞活化标志的表达亦呈现规律性变化，急性期既有T细胞免疫功能活性增加，也有B细胞免疫功能活性增加，而随着病人的康复，免疫功能活性则下降．心肌炎发病时细胞因子的平衡受损主要表现为细胞因子IL-1，IL-6和TNF-α，IL-2和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平升高．可考虑将免疫调节制剂用于该疾病的治疗。     

异烟肼对斑马鱼幼鱼发育毒性及运动行为学的影响

以斑马鱼幼鱼为研究对象,研究异烟肼对幼鱼发育毒性和行为学的影响。 用不同浓度的异烟肼分别处理发育至72 hpf的斑马鱼幼鱼,观察幼鱼的死亡率、畸形率及形态变化,分析幼鱼行为学轨迹。 异烟肼（≥4 mmol/L）对斑马鱼幼鱼有致死作用,随着浓度的增加和作用时间延长而增强。异烟肼对斑马鱼幼鱼的发育过程有致畸作用,表现为脊柱弯曲、卵黄囊吸收延滞、心包水肿、鱼鳔缺失、体长发育延迟和器官空泡化等。随着给药浓度的增加和作用时间的延长,异烟肼组幼鱼行为轨迹减少,运动次数和运动速度显著降低。结果表明,异烟肼（≥4 mmol/L）对斑马鱼幼鱼具有致死和致畸作用,对幼鱼的运动行为有抑制作用,并且呈现时间和剂量依赖性。     

Oceanic biology: spawning of eels near a seamount

Discoveries of the larvae of the European and American eels, Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata, in the Sargasso Sea and of the Japanese eel, A. japonica, in the Philippine Sea indicate that these freshwater eels migrate thousands of kilometres into the open ocean to spawn. Here we pinpoint a spawning location for Japanese eels after genetically identifying newly hatched larvae that we collected from the site. The restricted size of this spawning area ensures that the eel larvae enter a particular current that transports them to the freshwater areas in east Asia where they mature, and it also prevents them from being carried southwards away from their species range by a different local current.     

海洋鱼类的生长与发育生物学研究与苗种培育

鱼类生长和发育生物学是海洋鱼类苗种培育的理论基础。近年来鱼类生长与发育生物学取得的研究进展为改善海洋鱼类苗种培育提供依据。主要的研究进展是：阐明调控鱼类生长的脑－脑垂体－肝脏轴的种激素分泌活动和作用机理,促进海洋鱼类生长激素释放和提高生长率;海洋鱼类幼苗生长发育的形态学与生理学特征及对饵料的消化吸收;海洋鱼类幼苗生长发育所需要的营养物质;促进鱼类苗种对饵料摄取与消化吸收的饵料添加剂;环境条件对海洋鱼类苗种利用营养物质和生长的影响等。目前所取得的进展还只限于少数几种海洋养殖鱼类。许多基本理论问题尚未充分阐明。今后,为配合海洋鱼类养殖和增殖的发展,必需系统深入研究各种重要海洋养殖鱼类的生长与发育生物学,并在此基础上建立苗种培育新技术。     

Ecdysteroids in the larvae of Opogona sacchari （Bojer）, a invasive alien pest

In order to understand the composition and quantitative variation of ecdysteriods in the larvae of Opogona sacchari (Bojer), a invasive alien pest, we analyzed the larval ecdysteroid composition and titers in this pest. The main component of ecdysteriods in the larvae of O. sacchari is 20-hydroxyecdysone, and also there is a little 26-hydroxyecdysone. The titer of ecdysteriods in the larvae from the 1st instar to the 7th instar was gotten higher gradually compared on ng ecdyster-oid/larva, but no regularity could be found about the titer if compared on ng ecdysteroid/g avoirdupois. There was only one peak of ecdysteroids (0.5475 ng/larva) showed at day 2 during the developmental time of the 6th instar larvae. However, there were two peaks appearing during the developmental time of the 7th instar larvae , one peak (0.29415 ng/larva) at day 3, another (0.214 ng/larva) at day 5.     

海胆早期神经发育及有机磷农药对其神经毒性作用的研究进展

 早期发育阶段是有机磷农药神经毒性作用最敏感的时期,海胆的胚胎和幼虫为研究有机磷农药对早期发育阶段的神经毒性作用提供了一种理想的模型。本文介绍了海胆的早期神经发育过程,综述了神经系统对海胆早期发育的调控作用,结合近年来国内外的研究,阐述了有机磷农药对海胆早期发育的影响及其神经毒性作用机制,并展望了该领域的研究方向。     

苯扎溴胺和芳草中药对加速大菱鲆组织中硝基呋喃代谢物消除速率的作用初探

 采用投喂药饵的给药方式,研究了苯扎溴胺和芳草中药对加速大菱鲆体内呋喃唑酮和呋喃西林代谢物3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮(3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, AOZ)和氨基脲(Semicarbazide, SEM)消除的作用。总的来说,经过连续2个月投喂,苯扎溴胺和芳草中药均未显著改变大菱鲆体内AOZ和SEM的消除规律和趋势,消除185 d后,两种代谢物在大菱鲆组织中的含量仍高于检出限,与对照组相比差别不大。实验过程中苯扎溴胺不但未对AOZ消除速率表现出促进作用,而且产生一定的毒性,导致大菱鲆生理活性出现异常现象。比较而言,芳草中药在一定程度上不但能够增强大菱鲆的免疫力,还可以促进AOZ的消除,使其消除半衰期(t_1/2)缩短3~5 d;但芳草中药对SEM的消除并没有促进作用,甚至导致其半衰期延长。因此,苯扎溴胺不具有促进硝基呋喃类代谢物消除的作用,不应用于这类药物的消除;而芳草中药具有促进硝基呋喃类代谢物消除的潜在作用,但需要进一步的实验证实。     

The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry

All adult flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes), including the gastronomically familiar plaice, sole, turbot and halibut, have highly asymmetrical skulls, with both eyes placed on one side of the head. This arrangement, one of the most extraordinary anatomical specializations among vertebrates, arises through migration of one eye during late larval development. Although the transformation of symmetrical larvae into asymmetrical juveniles is well documented, the evolutionary origins of flatfish asymmetry are uncertain because there are no transitional forms linking flatfishes with their symmetrical relatives. The supposed inviability of such intermediates gave pleuronectiforms a prominent role in evolutionary debates, leading to attacks on natural selection and arguments for saltatory change. Here I show that Amphistium and the new genus Heteronectes, both extinct spiny-finned fishes from the Eocene epoch of Europe, are the most primitive pleuronectiforms known. The orbital region of the skull in both taxa is strongly asymmetrical, as in living flatfishes, but these genera retain many primitive characters unknown in extant forms. Most remarkably, orbital migration was incomplete in Amphistium and Heteronectes, with eyes remaining on opposite sides of the head in post-metamorphic individuals. This condition is intermediate between that in living pleuronectiforms and the arrangement found in other fishes. Amphistium and Heteronectes indicate that the evolution of the profound cranial asymmetry of extant flatfishes was gradual in nature.     

两种色型黄粉虫杂交后代过氧化物酶同工酶及超氧化物歧化酶活性的比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定了黄粉虫两种色型杂交后代的三种虫态（老熟幼虫、蛹和成虫）的过氧化物酶同工酶,用NBT光化还原法测定了不同虫态的SOD活性。结果表明：黄粉虫幼虫-蛹-成虫过氧化物酶同工酶的酶活性均呈现强-弱-强的变化规律。杂交后代的各虫态,除雌蛹外其SOD活性均高于其自交后代的SOD活性;以黄色型黄粉虫为母本的雌、雄成虫和雄蛹的SOD活性较高,而以黑色型黄粉虫为母本的雌蛹和幼虫的SOD活性较高。     

Insecticidal activity of residual Bt protein at the second trophic level

Since the first commercial release of transgenic crop expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), there have been concerns about its potential impact on the environment. Research has focused on the ecological effects from second exposure to Bt prot…     

Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Hydrothermal vents are ephemeral because of frequent volcanic and tectonic activities associated with crust formation. Although the larvae of hydrothermal vent fauna can rapidly colonize new vent sites separated by tens to hundreds of kilometres, the mechanisms by which these larvae disperse and recruit are not understood. Here we integrate physiological, developmental and hydrodynamic data to estimate the dispersal potential of larvae of the giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. At in situ temperatures and pressures (2 degrees C and 250 atm), we estimate that the metabolic lifespan for a larva of R. pachyptila averages 38 days. In the measured flow regime at a fast-spreading ridge axis (9 degrees 50' N; East Pacific Rise), this lifespan results in potential along-ridge dispersal distances that rarely exceed 100 km. This limited dispersal results not from the physiological performance of the embryos and larvae, but instead from transport limitations imposed by periodic reversals in along-ridge flows and sustained episodes of across-ridge flow. The lifespan presented for these larvae can now be used to predict dispersal under current regimes at other hydrothermal vent sites.     

新型嵌合补体抑制分子HCI-3的设计构建及真核细胞表达的研究

目的：基于抑制补体活化的两个关键环节，即C3／C5转化酶及MAC的形成，设计、构建及制备一种新型、高效的补体抑制剂．方法：首先设计引物，通过PCR技术扩增重组可溶性CD46／CD55／CD59嵌合分子cDNA片段，重组于pcDNA3．1( )真核表达载体上，构建兼有三分子功能的CD46／CD55／CD59嵌合补体抑制分子，命名为HCI-3(Human Chimeric Complement Inhibitor,HCI-3)．分别利用COS-7细胞和CHO细胞进行表达，并用抗人CDl6多抗及抗人CD55，CD59单抗对表达产物进行Western Blotting鉴定．结果：DNA测序结果证实，前端带有CD59信号肽序列，后端融合有编码6个组氨酸碱基的HCl-3 cDNA片段的阅读框完整．免疫印迹结果显示，表达的重组蛋白分别能与抗人CD46多克隆抗体和抗人CD55，CD59单抗结合．结论：成功构建并在真核细胞内表达了重组可溶性HCl-3分子，为进一步研制和开发新一代多功能、多靶点补体抑制剂奠定了基础．     

冬鲽抗冻多肽的分子生物学

前文“鱼类抗冻多肽的结构与功能”已介绍了对抗冻体的存在、分布、分类以及结构和功能的研究工作,本文将着重冬鲽抗冻多肽(Winter Flounder AFP)的分子生物学方面作介绍。冬鲽鱼AFP作为探讨真核生物的分子生物学模型有下列优点: 1.该多肽分子量小,约3300。只含有9种不同的氨基酸,其中丙氨酸占60％。