敏感和抗性的白血病HL60细胞对staurosporine诱导 …

用对蛋白激酶具有强烈抑制、作用广泛的抑制剂ｓｔａｕｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅ（Ｓｔａ），研究敏感和抗三尖杉酯碱的人白血病ＨＬ６０细胞中凋亡和多药抗药性的关系。Ｓｔａ均能诱导２种细胞发生典型的凋亡，但抗性细胞发生凋亡需更长的时间、凋亡的细胞数减少。Ｓｔａ增加柔红霉素在抗性细胞内的积聚，说明其能逆转多药抗药性，在抗性细胞凋亡过程中，ｍｄｒｌ基因表达没有变化，ｃ－ｍｙｃ稍有增加，结果显示：Ｓｔａ能诱导敏感和抗三     

粉防己碱逆转人早幼粒白血病HL60耐药细胞对三尖杉酯碱的耐药性

无细胞毒性浓度的粉防己碱（０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１），明显地增强三尖杉酯碱对人早幼粒白血病ＨＬ６０耐药细胞的生长抑制作用，降低集落形成率，但对敏感ＨＬ６０细胞没有增强作用。ＤＰＨ荧光标记法测定表明，粉防己碱对细胞膜流动性没有影响；提取经药物作用后的细胞ＤＮＡ，琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示，粉防己碱增加三尖杉酯碱引起的ＨＬ６０耐药细胞ＤＮＡ降解，使细胞以编程方式死亡。结果表明：粉防己碱能逆转人早幼粒白血病ＨＬ６０耐药细胞对三尖杉酯碱的耐药性，值得临床上进一步研究。     

反义p21Cip1抑制RA诱导人白血病细胞HL—60的分化

全反式维甲酸（ＲＡ）可诱导缺乏内源ｐ５３基因的人白血病细胞ＨＬ－６０的粒细胞分化,在此过程早期,人ｐ２１周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制因子（Ｃｉｐ１）的表达即有所增加,并且不依赖ｐ５３。将反应ｐ２１ＣｉＰ１重组质粒转染进ＨＬ－６０细胞,建立锌调表达反义ｐ２１Ｃｉｐ１的细胞系ＨＬＡＣ,再用ＲＡ诱导,发现反义ｐ２１Ｃｉｐ１可部分抑制ＨＬ－６０细胞的分化,而此时ＣＤＫ４和ｃｙｃｌｉｎＤ３的表达在ＨＬＡＣ中明显增加     

用流式细胞术研究PKC及VRP，CsA对多药抗性细胞的调制与逆转

利用流式细胞术检测抗药性细胞内Ｒｈｏ－１２３的荧光强度作为检测抗性细胞抗性程度的指标，研究了蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）抑制剂Ｈ７，肿瘤促进剂佛波酯（ＴＰＡ）对多药抗性细胞的调节；钙离子通道阻断剂维拉帕米（ＶＲＰ），免疫抑制剂（ＣｓＡ）对多药抗性的逆转作用．测定了抗性细胞细胞膜和胞浆ＰＫＣ活性水平，指出ＰＫＣ可能通过磷酸化细胞膜上的Ｐ－糖蛋白（Ｐ－ｇｐ）来调节多药抗性细胞的抗性水平，并提供了一种筛选多药抗性逆转药物的简便方法．     

线粒体参与了三尖杉酯碱诱导的HL-60细胞凋亡

用流式光度术研究了三尖杉酯碱诱导人早幼粒白血病ＨＬ－６０细胞及其转染了ｂｃｌ－２基因的细胞株ＨＬ－６０／Ｂｃｌ－２线粒体膜电势的变化,数据表明线粒体损伤介导了ＨＴ诱导的ＨＬ－６０细胞的凋亡过程。     

敏感和抗性的白血病HL60细胞对staurosporine诱导凋亡的不同反应(英)

用对蛋白激酶具有强烈抑制、作用广泛的抑制剂staurosporine（Sta）,研究敏感和抗三尖杉酯碱的人白血病HL60细胞中凋亡和多药抗药性的关系．Sta均能诱导2种细胞发生典型的凋亡,但抗性细胞发生凋亡需更长的时间,凋亡的细胞数减少．Sta增加柔红霉素在抗性细胞内的积聚,说明其能逆转多药抗药性．在抗性细胞凋亡过程中,mdrl基因表达没有变化,c-myc基因表达稍有增加．结果显示：Sta能诱导敏感和抗三尖杉酯碱的HL60细胞发生凋亡,mdrl基因表达与凋亡过程无关．     

HL－60细胞分化对动粒蛋白及其基因表达的影响

以人早幼粒白血病细胞ＨＬ－６０为实验材料，用终浓度１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１甲酸（ＲＡ）和二甲亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）分别连续处理细胞６ｄ后，可使ＨＬ－６０细胞按粒系途径定向成熟分化，即表现出核分叶，具有ＮＢＴ还原能力的正常粒细胞的形态和功能特征。利用ＡＣＡ间接免疫荧光方法，观察到在终未分化的细胞核中荧光斑点强度要明显弱于对照细胞。用ＲＮＡＮｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ和斑点杂交方法研究发现，在ＨＬ－６０细胞诱导分化过程中，Ｉｄ，ＣｙｃｌｉｎＢ１基因表达很快受到明显抑制，在终末分化的细胞中已基本被关闭；ＣＥＮＰ－Ｂ基因表达水平也明显降低，但表达变化过程与Ｉｄ和ＣｙｃｌｉｎＢ１基因有所差异。     

RATS1基因对人食管癌细胞c—myc基因表达的降调…

将含有ＲＡＴＳ１ｃＤＮＡ的真核表达载体ｐＣＤＶ１与含有ｎｅｏ抗性基因的表达载体ｐＤＯＲ－ｎｅｏ经Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ法共转染人食管癌细胞系ＥＣ１０９细胞。结果发现：转染ＲＡＴＳ１基因后的抗性克隆细胞生长受到抑制，形态发生明显改变，并且逐渐脱落死亡。经ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ分析发现，转染后有ＲＡＴＳ１基因表达的细胞克隆，ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达降低，两者呈反向相关，即ＲＡＴＳ１基因表达愈高，ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达降低愈     

粉防己碱逆转人早幼粒白血病HL60而药细胞对三尖杉…

无细胞毒性浓度的粉防己碱，明显地增强三尖杉酯碱对人早幼粒白血病ＨＬ６０耐药细胞的生长抑制作用，降低集落形成率，但对敏感ＨＬ６０细胞没有增强作用，ＤＰＨ荧光标记法测定表明，粉防己碱对细胞膜流动性没有影响。     

高三尖杉酯碱对白血病细胞分化和肿瘤转移的影响

为研究高三尖杉酯碱（Ｈｏｍ）对白血病细胞分化和肿瘤转移的影响．采用四氮唑蓝法检测ＨＬ－６０细胞的分化及测定游离磷含量观测肿瘤细胞Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｍｇ＋＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性．肿瘤转移模型采用小鼠皮下接种Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌观测肺转移灶数和小鼠足跖接种Ｐ３８８白血病细胞观察动物生存期,且用γ射线测定法评价１２５Ｉ－纤维蛋白原与肿瘤细胞的结合能力．结果显示Ｈｏｍ１．５～４．５μｇ／Ｌ能诱导ＨＬ－６０细胞分化,Ｈｏｍ０．１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ２４ｈ对Ｆｒｉｅｎｄ白血病细胞Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性抑制,对Ｍｇ＋＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性无影响,Ｈｏｍ０．５～１．５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｄ剂量下能抑制Ｌｅｗｉｓ癌肺转移和Ｐ３８８白血病细胞淋巴道转移,以及Ｈｏｍ２～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ抑制纤维蛋白原与癌细胞的结合．提示Ｈｏｍ能通过以上途径诱导肿瘤细胞分化和抗肿瘤转移     

蛋白激酶与植物渗透胁迫耐受研究进展

蛋白激酶是一类能使其他蛋白质磷酸化的酶.在植物中,蛋白激酶几乎参与植物生命周期中一切生理调节过程.渗透胁迫是植物生长发育过程中常见的非生物胁迫,植物对渗透胁迫耐受的机理一直是研究的重点.本文着眼于植物渗透胁迫反应,详细介绍了分裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)、钙依赖而钙调素不依赖的蛋白激酶(CDPK)、受体蛋白激酶(RPK)、核糖体蛋白激酶、转录调控蛋白激酶等多种蛋白激酶在植物逆境信号识别与转导中的作用,综述其研究进展及前景.分析了当前在植物抗渗透胁迫蛋白激酶研究中存在的问题,进而对解决问题的途径进行了探讨.     

COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAP kinase pathway reactivation

Oncogenic mutations in the serine/threonine kinase B-RAF (also known as BRAF) are found in 50-70% of malignant melanomas. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that the B-RAF(V600E) mutation predicts a dependency on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascade in melanoma-an observation that has been validated by the success of RAF and MEK inhibitors in clinical trials. However, clinical responses to targeted anticancer therapeutics are frequently confounded by de novo or acquired resistance. Identification of resistance mechanisms in a manner that elucidates alternative 'druggable' targets may inform effective long-term treatment strategies. Here we expressed ～600 kinase and kinase-related open reading frames (ORFs) in parallel to interrogate resistance to a selective RAF kinase inhibitor. We identified MAP3K8 (the gene encoding COT/Tpl2) as a MAPK pathway agonist that drives resistance to RAF inhibition in B-RAF(V600E) cell lines. COT activates ERK primarily through MEK-dependent mechanisms that do not require RAF signalling. Moreover, COT expression is associated with de novo resistance in B-RAF(V600E) cultured cell lines and acquired resistance in melanoma cells and tissue obtained from relapsing patients following treatment with MEK or RAF inhibitors. We further identify combinatorial MAPK pathway inhibition or targeting of COT kinase activity as possible therapeutic strategies for reducing MAPK pathway activation in this setting. Together, these results provide new insights into resistance mechanisms involving the MAPK pathway and articulate an integrative approach through which high-throughput functional screens may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.     

Cytoskeleton-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation involved in induction of differentiation in mouse melanoma cells

The malignancy of a cancer is due partly to its poor differentiation. Genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is found to induce the highly malignant B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells to differentiate to mature phenotypes. When Triton X-100 insoluble fraction of the differentiated cells is prepared and analyzed, tyrosine phosphorylation levels of three cytoskeleton-associated proteins (65, 60 and 53 ku respectively) are found to decrease dramatically. But no any change is found when phosphotyrosine contents of the cytosol fraction or the total cellular protein preparations are evaluated. It is concluded that cytoskeleton-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation may be involved in the control of differentiation of cancer cells. The decrease of phosphotyrosine contents of cytoskeleton-associated proteins may be one of the important mechanisms underlying the differentiation induction of cancer cells by anticancer agents.     

Transforming activity of polyoma virus middle-T antigen probed by site-directed mutagenesis

The ability of polyoma virus to transform cells results primarily from the action of one of the virus-coded early proteins, called middle-T antigen. Middle-T has an associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity that can be measured in vitro and results in the phosphorylation of middle-T itself. Almost all mutants so far tested that lack the ability to transform cells, also lack associated kinase activity. Attempts to map within middle-T the tyrosine residue(s) that are phosphorylated in vitro suggest that a likely site of phosphorylation is tyrosine 315 (refs 8-10 and unpublished results). The amino acid sequence preceding Tyr 315 includes a tract of six contiguous glutamic acid residues and bears some homology with that preceding the tyrosine phosphorylated in vivo in pp60v-src, the transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, and with a region in the polypeptide hormone, gastrin, preceding a tyrosine that is sulphated. Furthermore, although surprisingly large tracts of middle-T may be removed without affecting its transforming activity, mutants that lack the sequences corresponding to amino acids 311-318 inclusive are transformation defective. Because the likely site of phosphorylation, the homology with pp60v-src and gastrin and the sequence apparently required for transformation all overlap, it has generally been accepted that this region of middle-T may form part of an essential region, possibly an active site on the protein. Here we have used techniques of site-directed and site-specific mutagenesis to probe the sequence requirements in more detail. Contrary to expectation, the results obtained strongly suggest that Tyr 315 and conservation of the surrounding amino acid sequence are not essential for transformation.     

视网膜母细胞瘤基因产物磷酸化水平与细胞生长状态的关系

随着无血清培养细胞时间的延长，红胞合成Ｒｂ蛋白量和磷酸化水平逐渐降低，当细胞生长停止时，Ｒｂ蛋白处于低磷外化状态．正丁酸钠可诱导ＨＬ６０终端分化为单核－巨噬细胞；视黄酸、二甲基亚砜使ＨＬ６０分化为粒细胞．尽管分化途径不同．但是终端分化的细胞都只能合成低磷酸化的Ｒｂ蛋白．结果表明当细胞处于生长停滞状态，细胞都只能合成低磷酸化的Ｒｂ蛋白．     

Phorbol ester and diacylglycerol induce protein phosphorylation at tyrosine

The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is an efficient tumour promoter in vivo. In vitro, TPA activates the phospholipid- and Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, kinase C. This activation is believed to reflect the structural similarity between TPA and diacylglycerol, the endogenous protein kinase C activator which is produced in vivo by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (reviewed in ref. 3). Protein kinase C phosphorylates protein substrates at serine and threonine residues in vitro. The effects of TPA on cultured fibroblasts--including enhanced hexose uptake, disruption of actin stress fibres and growth stimulation--are very similar to those induced by certain retrovirus transforming proteins and by peptide growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA). These transforming proteins and mitogenic agents seem to act by inducing tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation. Such observations suggested that some of the effects of TPA in vivo may be mediated by protein phosphorylation at tyrosine residues. A 42,000-molecular weight (42 K) polypeptide was previously shown to be phosphorylated at tyrosine in cells transformed by avian sarcoma viruses and in cells stimulated by EGF, PDGF or MSA (J. Cooper, personal communication and refs 11 and 12; this polypeptide was originally designated 43 K or spot n in ref. 10). We show here that this polypeptide also becomes phosphorylated at tyrosine in cells treated with TPA. Furthermore, exogenously added diacylglycerol likewise stimulates the phosphorylation of this protein at tyrosine.     

BRAF mutation predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition

The kinase pathway comprising RAS, RAF, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) is activated in most human tumours, often through gain-of-function mutations of RAS and RAF family members. Using small-molecule inhibitors of MEK and an integrated genetic and pharmacologic analysis, we find that mutation of BRAF is associated with enhanced and selective sensitivity to MEK inhibition when compared to either 'wild-type' cells or cells harbouring a RAS mutation. This MEK dependency was observed in BRAF mutant cells regardless of tissue lineage, and correlated with both downregulation of cyclin D1 protein expression and the induction of G1 arrest. Pharmacological MEK inhibition completely abrogated tumour growth in BRAF mutant xenografts, whereas RAS mutant tumours were only partially inhibited. These data suggest an exquisite dependency on MEK activity in BRAF mutant tumours, and offer a rational therapeutic strategy for this genetically defined tumour subtype.     

RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E)

Activated RAS promotes dimerization of members of the RAF kinase family. ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors activate ERK signalling by transactivating RAF dimers. In melanomas with mutant BRAF(V600E), levels of RAS activation are low and these drugs bind to BRAF(V600E) monomers and inhibit their activity. This tumour-specific inhibition of ERK signalling results in a broad therapeutic index and RAF inhibitors have remarkable clinical activity in patients with melanomas that harbour mutant BRAF(V600E). However, resistance invariably develops. Here, we identify a new resistance mechanism. We find that a subset of cells resistant to vemurafenib (PLX4032, RG7204) express a 61-kDa variant form of BRAF(V600E), p61BRAF(V600E), which lacks exons 4-8, a region that encompasses the RAS-binding domain. p61BRAF(V600E) shows enhanced dimerization in cells with low levels of RAS activation, as compared to full-length BRAF(V600E). In cells in which p61BRAF(V600E) is expressed endogenously or ectopically, ERK signalling is resistant to the RAF inhibitor. Moreover, a mutation that abolishes the dimerization of p61BRAF(V600E) restores its sensitivity to vemurafenib. Finally, we identified BRAF(V600E) splicing variants lacking the RAS-binding domain in the tumours of six of nineteen patients with acquired resistance to vemurafenib. These data support the model that inhibition of ERK signalling by RAF inhibitors is dependent on levels of RAS-GTP too low to support RAF dimerization and identify a novel mechanism of acquired resistance in patients: expression of splicing isoforms of BRAF(V600E) that dimerize in a RAS-independent manner.     

Roles of MAP kinase signaling pathway in oocyte meiosis

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases expressed widely in eukaryotic cells. MAPK is activated by a cascade of protein kinase phosphorylation and plays pivotal roles in regulating meiosis process in oocytes. As an important physical substrate of MAPK, p90^rsk mediates numerous MAPK functions. MAPK was activated at G2/M transition during meiosis. Its activity reached the peak at MⅠ stage and maintained at this level until the time before the pronuclear formation after fertilization. There is complex interplay between MAPK and MPF in the meiosis regulation. Furthermore, other intracellular signal transducers, such as cAMP, protein kinase C and protein phosphotase, ect., also regulated the activity of MAPK at different stages during meiosis in oocytes. In the present article, the roles of MAPK signaling pathway in oocyte meiosis are reviewed and discussed.