煤加压催化气化研制城市煤气——Ⅰ.大同煤和煤焦的催化气化特性

为了达到在单段反应器内用大同煤制造城市煤气的可能性,利用这种煤及其煤焦在压力0.1—4.0 MPa和反应温度700—900℃下通过Na_2CO_3作催化剂进行了蒸汽催化气化研究。实验结果表明,在850℃和1.1—2.1 MPa条件下,不计CO_2的产品气热值为16288—17163 kJ/NM~3(低热值为14672—15856kJ/NM~3)由于我国现行的城市煤气热值标准为14651kJ/NM~3(或3500kJ/NM~3),所以利用Na_2CO_3作为大同煤气化的催化剂是可取的。     

生物质催化气化重整制取富氢气体的实验研究

以流化床为气化反应器,以固定床为重整反应器,进行了生物质气化与重整制取富氢气体的实验研究.在不同的气化温度条件下,探讨Ni基催化剂、Ca基催化剂和两者的机械混合型催化剂对制取富氢气体的影响.实验结果表明:随着气化反应器温度的提高,3种催化剂均促进了重质烃类的分解转化,而Ni基和混合型催化剂使轻质烃的催化转化能力得到提升;在750---950 ℃范围内,混合型催化剂具有最佳的催化效果,H2产率达到79.4 g/kg,产物气中的H2体积分数为53.6%～59.7%;分别添加Ni基和Ca基催化剂时,H2产率分别达到64.0 g/kg和57.9 g/kg,产物气中的H2体积分数均达到40.3%以上.     

城市生活垃圾原料性质对干馏及气化过程的影响

将城市生活垃圾样品经预处理后置于φ40×750不锈钢间歇式固定床气化炉内进行气化反应,考察不同原料组分对垃圾干馏与气化过程的影响。认为城市生活垃圾的有机物部分作为制气原料,气化活性较高(1000℃时CO_2转化率达92％)。气化强度大,燃气组分与煤制气组分基本接近。试验结果得干馏阶段燃气热值一般在9.62～10.04 MJ/m~3(2300～4000 Kcal/m~3),气化阶段燃气热值在3.35～4.18 MJ/m~3(800～1000 kcal/m~3),垃圾有机物中灰分、固定碳和挥发分对干馏和气化过程均有影响。考察干馏和气化的综合效果,当反应温度为900℃,混合气为气化剂时,燃气热值可达4.60～5.65 MJ/m~3(1100～1350 kcal/m~3),但气体产率不大于1.5 m~3/kg。     

钠碱法烟气脱硫工艺技术

采用乙烯废碱液作为吸收剂, 对模拟烟气进行钠碱法烟气脱硫实验. 主要考察了进口烟气温度、烟气含氧量、液气比、进口烟气SO₂ 浓度、烟气流速对脱硫效率的影响, 并对采用该工艺技术的某厂进行经济效益分析, 得出脱硫效率达到95% 以上的工艺参数: 进口烟气温度80~90 ℃、烟气含氧量5%~6%、液气比3.5 L/m³、烟气流速3.5~4.5 m/s 等. 以2.0% NaOH 和7.2% Na₂CO₃ 平均浓度及以上浓度乙烯废碱液的脱硫效率较高. 此外, 乙烯废碱液在烟气速度较低时具有一定的发泡趋势.     

流化床反应器中生物质空气气化试验研究

流化床反应器中生物质空气气化结果受诸多因素影响，其中反应温度、空气当量比对产气质量影响较大．实验结果表明，在720℃时气化产气热值较高，气体质量较好，气化气热值在5～8．6MJ／Nm^3之间．随着空气当量比增加，气化气热值降低；随着温度升高，气化气质量下降；密相层与稀相层进料对气化结果也有较大影响．     

福建省无烟粉煤流化床混合气催化气化影响因素分析

在实验室小型流化床反应器中研究了影响福建省永定无烟煤混合气 (水蒸汽 /空气 )催化气化的主要因素 .实验结果表明 ,催化剂添加量和气化温度对碳转化率和煤气组成的影响最为显著 .适宜的混合气催化气化条件为复合催化剂浓度 10 %和气化温度 85 0℃ .     

加压下煤焦与二氧化碳反应的动力学研究

本文用试制成的加压热天平,测定了八种中国煤在900℃时制成的煤焦在1.2-31 at.和800-1050℃与CO_2反应的活性。结果表明活性同煤品位有很好的相关性,年轻煤的活性大于年老煤。研究了活性随热处理温度(800—1100℃)的变化。在同一气化温度,活性有规则地随制备温度的降低而增加,在同一热处理温度时,活性随气化温度的增加而增加。计算了表观活化能和制备活化能。由1.2—31 at.850—900℃一种褐煤焦在CO—CO_2混合物中气化得到的结果,关联成下列模型: W=K_1Pco_2/1 K_2Pco K_3Pco_2也讨论了比气化速率和炭转化率的关系。     

固体碱催化剂KF/Al2O3催化合成乙二醇丁醚

针对乙二醇丁醚合成中传统催化剂产物后处理工艺复杂、污染环境等缺点,采用浸渍法制备KF/Al2O3负载型固体碱催化剂,催化环氧乙烷(EO)与丁醇反应合成乙二醇丁醚.考察了催化剂前驱体/载体比例、焙烧温度对催化性能的影响.结果表明氟化钾(KF)负载量为30%,焙烧温度为600℃时,催化剂时EO和丁醇反应催化活性最高.对催化剂进行了XRD表征,并采用Hammett指示剂法测定了催化剂的碱强度:pKa＞9.3的总碱量为3.0mmol/g催化剂,碱强度(H_)≥18.4,属中等碱强度催化剂.KF/Al2O3固体碱催化剂用于催化合成乙二醇丁醚最佳工艺条件为:反应温度110℃,反应压力0.20～0.30 MPa,催化剂用量为0.5%(m/m),n(BuOH)∶n(EO)为5∶1,反应时间100～120 min,EO转化率达99.47%.     

碱金属碳酸盐在煤气化中的催化作用 (三)、在煤同水蒸汽反应中的活性和选择性

在晋城无烟煤同水蒸汽进行煤气化反应中,研究了七种不同催化剂的催化作用。这些催化剂是碱金属碳酸盐及其同Ca,Fe,Ce等氧化物组成的复合物。根据固定碳气化速度:Na-合-Ⅱ型催化剂最为有效,在700℃时分别超过碳酸钾1.3倍和碳酸钠1.4倍左右。试验在小型固定床反应器中、常压、550～750℃下进行。由催化气化制备的煤气包含大约65% H_2,30%CO_2,4%CO和小于1% CH_4。富氢还原气适于作为合成氨、合成甲醇的原料气,也可用于煤液化和冶金工业。     

当量比对稻草固定床气化性能的影响

为了合理利用大量的农林废弃物资源,减少秸秆燃烧造成的温室效应和环境污染,利用自制的气、固、液多联产固定床气化炉对稻草进行气化。研究了当量比对气化炉主要性能参数的影响。结果表明:当量比为0.25时,气化效果较好,此时气化温度为800~850℃,气化气热值达到2.84 MJ·Nm-3,气体得率为1.2 m3·kg-1,稻草炭得率为24.94%,提取液得率为22.43%,碳转化率为35.31%,冷气效率为24.61%。稻草气化多联产工艺试验为工程化实施提供了基础和基本数据。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.