玉米秸秆颗粒燃料热解气化试验研究

以玉米秸秆颗粒燃料为原料,研究了生物质空气热解气化(下吸式固定床气化炉)、富氧热解气化(鼓泡式流化床气化炉)和无氧热解气化(慢速连续热解气化炉)的热解气化特性.三种热解气化装置并联,共用一个控制系统,产生的生物质燃气经过冷凝器等后进入储气柜.燃气成分由气相色谱分析,成型颗粒、颗粒炭、生物油热值采用快速量热仪测量分析.结果显示,空气热解气化在热解温度为660~670℃时燃气低热值最高,约为3.91~4.44MJ/Nm3;富氧热解气化燃气低热值最高可达8.48~9.38MJ/Nm3(热解气化温度为575~750℃时);无氧热解气化在热解温度为380~530℃时的燃气低热值约为14.51~16.49MJ/Nm3,并可联产生物炭、生物油等.     

不同气氛下聚乙烯低温热解气化特性分析

气化熔融焚烧技术是高效率低污染的新型城市生活垃圾处理技术,该技术的关键环节是垃圾低温(600～650 ℃)气化.以垃圾中主要可燃组分聚乙烯为试验物料,采用管式炉,分别在N2,CO2,N2 H2O,N2 O2,N2 O2 CO2 H2O气氛下,进行了低温(600 ℃)热解气化特性的试验研究.试验结果表明:反应气氛中含O2能显著提高气体产物中CO2的含量,从而提高了碳转化率,但能量转化效率和气体低位热值均较低;CO2气氛下CO的产生量明显增高,从而使气体低位热值和碳转化率显著增大;H2O气氛有利于H2的生成和产气量、气体低位热值、能量转化效率的提高,其中能量转化效率可达80%,但对大分子烃族类二次裂解具有一定的抑制作用;气体低位热值在N2 O2 CO2 H2O混合气氛下最大,达到12.8 MJ/m3.     

温度对天然焦蒸汽气化特性的影响

在小型流化床实验装置(φ50 mm、高1.6 m)上,考察了温度对沛城煤矿天然焦蒸汽气化产气量、碳转化率、煤气热值和煤气组分的影响,并与ASPEN PLUS模拟结果进行了对比.实验结果表明:反应温度是影响气化反应的主要因素,温度升高,煤气组分中H2和CO2含量下降,CO含量增加;当气化反应温度从850 ℃提高到1 000 ℃,碳转化率从10.25%提高到47.76%,产气量增加了4.3倍;H2和CO2的含量由63.0%和25.0%减少到59.8%和20.2%,CO含量由9.6%增加到18.5%;煤气热值从8.87 MJ/m3增加到了9.33 MJ/m3.应用ASPEN PLUS软件模拟天然焦-蒸汽气化反应过程,同时考虑碳转化率,其模拟结果与实验数据接近,误差在可接受范围内,因此ASPEN PLUS模拟对系统设计与优化具有参考意义.     

缓倾斜煤层反向两阶段煤炭地下气化模型实验

为了提高煤炭地下气化产品煤气的热值，提出并研究了缓倾斜煤层反向2阶段煤炭地下气化方法。在物料平衡的基础上，建立了2阶段煤炭地下气化方法理想气化参数的计算模型。通过对模型试验结果的分析，指出了该气化方法温度场发展过程的一般规律和中热值地下水煤气的形成原因，从而得到了一些工艺控制参数。反向2阶段煤炭地下气化方法能够获得热值Q＝12.56MJ/m^3以上的地下水煤气，该煤气由水煤气和干馏气组成，与同向2阶段气化方法相比，进一步提高了气化过程的热效率。     

几种医疗垃圾高温水蒸汽气化模拟研究

针对乳胶手套、棉花和输液器三种典型有机医疗废物,以高温水蒸气作为气化剂;基于吉布斯自由能最小化原理,对三种医疗废物高温水蒸气气化的热力学问题进行模拟研究。探讨原料种类、气化温度和水蒸气通入量等影响因素,对合成气组分、产气量和产气低位热值等评价指标的影响规律。模拟结果表明:在同一工况下,原料中的氢、氧含量决定合成气中的氢气与碳氧化物的产量;反应温度与水蒸气-医疗垃圾质量比(S/W)可改变合成气各产气组分及低位热值,得出最佳反应温度为800℃、S/W为2.0。     

城市固体废弃物热解气化处理气化段模型

采用热解气化方法处理城市固体废弃物，为研究气化段产气情况，建立了物理和数学模型．实验设备采用上吸式固定床反应器，过程不需外来能源供应，热解得到的垃圾碳部分燃烧用于提供整个过程所需的能量，最终通过热解和气化产生以CO、H2、CH4和N2为主要成分的可燃气，热值接近城市煤气．通过气化层3个典型反应和物料平衡及能量平衡，在垃圾质量不变时，得到不同垃圾成分、不同热解温度与生成的燃气各成分体积、总体积覆所需进风量及所需水蒸气量的合理匹配．并得出将垃圾热解气化炉的反应温度控制在800—900℃，能得到最佳产气量的结果．     

流化床反应器中生物质空气气化试验研究

流化床反应器中生物质空气气化结果受诸多因素影响，其中反应温度、空气当量比对产气质量影响较大．实验结果表明，在720℃时气化产气热值较高，气体质量较好，气化气热值在5～8．6MJ／Nm^3之间．随着空气当量比增加，气化气热值降低；随着温度升高，气化气质量下降；密相层与稀相层进料对气化结果也有较大影响．     

热值反馈系统在池炉燃气供应系统中的应用

为了提高彩管玻壳的生产质量,要求对做为玻璃炉窑燃料的天然气的热值进行精确控制。利用对空气流加热的方法在线测量燃气的热值,通过给燃气加入空气调整燃气热值,设计了燃气热值反馈调节系统。系统采用前馈和双闭环的调整方法,有效地保障了池炉燃气供应系统的良好的热值调节质量。试验表明反馈控制系统控制精度达到1.0%,响应时间为6s,采用热值反馈系统后燃气热值波动范围由原来的40.9～42.8MJ/m3减小为34.5～34.7MJ/m3,满足了玻壳生产对玻璃熔化质量的要求。     

杏仁壳在流化床中的气化过程及产气特性的实验研究

在流化床气化炉内,以空气为气化剂,对美国杏仁壳在680℃、700℃、730℃和780℃的温度下进行了气化实验,生成的燃气成分为:CO含量在15.4%~l8.7%之间,H2含量一般高于10%,甲烷含量为1.7%~2.5%,CnHm的含量为0.6%左右。燃气热值多数在4 152.7 kJ/m3~4 839.5 kJ/m3。气化效率51%。实验表明,在气化温度为700℃的时候可以得到最大的燃气热值。     

一种生物质与煤混合流化床气化方法及其装置

江苏大学的“一种生物质与煤混合流化床气化方法及其装置”被授予发明专利．该发明涉及能源设备，是一种无焦油产生，且工艺简单，能生产高热值煤气的生物质和煤混合的气化方法及其装置．以生物质、煤两种物质为气化原料，流化床气化炉采用供风燃烧和供蒸汽气化的间歇工作；在供风燃烧阶段，煤和风供入炉内，使气化炉的煤料在流化状态下燃烧，放出热量；在气化阶段，向气化炉供入水蒸气和生物质，使高温碳料层在流化状态下发生水煤气反应、生物质在高温下干馏热解气化反应，所产生的高热值煤气经降温除尘处理后进入煤气净化系统；突出了生物质挥发分高，固定碳少，易于高温干馏热解，而煤固定碳高，灰熔点高，易于燃烧形成高温料层的优点，通过两者有机地融合可生产出不含焦油的高热值的燃料气．     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.