植物激素调控腋生分生组织发育的研究进展

植物分枝的生长是植物发育的一个标志性生长特征,不仅影响着植物株型的多样化,而且也影响着植物的生产力。植物分枝是由腋生分生组织（Axillary Meristems,AMs）实现的,腋生分生组织分布在每个叶基的腋部,并发育成分枝。因此,腋生分生组织发育分化规律的研究,不仅是植物生长发育的基础问题,而且对植物的实践生产也具有重要的指导意义。近年来,随着植物激素合成、信号途径等突变体被分离、鉴定以及相应基因被克隆,人们在植物激素调控腋生分生组织发育方面有了深入的了解。本文对生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素和独角金内酯等植物激素在植物腋生分生组织形成与发育过程中的调控机制进行阐述,认为随着新的检测工具和分析技术的发展,未来应加强环境信号介导下植物激素互作对腋生分生组织发育的研究。     

The role of barren stalk1 in the architecture of maize

The architecture of higher plants is established through the activity of lateral meristems--small groups of stem cells formed during vegetative and reproductive development. Lateral meristems generate branches and inflorescence structures, which define the overall form of a plant, and are largely responsible for the evolution of different plant architectures. Here, we report the isolation of the barren stalk1 gene, which encodes a non-canonical basic helix-loop-helix protein required for the initiation of all aerial lateral meristems in maize. barren stalk1 represents one of the earliest genes involved in the patterning of maize inflorescences, and, together with the teosinte branched1 gene, it regulates vegetative lateral meristem development. The architecture of maize has been a major target of selection for early agriculturalists and modern farmers, because it influences harvesting, breeding strategies and mechanization. By sampling nucleotide diversity in the barren stalk1 region, we show that two haplotypes entered the maize gene pool from its wild progenitor, teosinte, and that only one was incorporated throughout modern inbreds, suggesting that barren stalk1 was selected for agronomic purposes.     

翠菊株系观赏性状综合评价

将天然杂交选择出的14个翠菊株系露地播种,从定苗至种子成熟观测株高、有效花枝数、叶型、花枝着生角度、花型、单株冠径、花期、花层厚度、花序直径等20个性状,参照菊花性状评定标准和地被、切花的观赏价值,制定各性状的评价标准,并采用单性状比较和多性状综合评分法,筛选出适宜高寒地区夏季露地地被栽培和切花栽培的优良株系。综合评价结果表明,切花型最优的为9号,其次为4号、8号;地被型最优的为1号,其次是9号和4号。     

Control of tillering in rice

Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots. Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth. Although the morphology and histology and some mutants of rice tillering have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.     

水稻基因表达谱分析寡核苷酸芯片制备的研究

 首先有目的地搜集了50个水稻花序相关基因,进行了探针的设计、筛选及合成纯化,用点样仪以微阵列的形式将其点于醛基化的玻璃片上;将3个不同生长阶段的水稻花序材料的总RNA经荧光标记反转录后与寡核苷酸芯片进行杂交.用ScanArray3000对获得的表达谱进行扫描分析显示,芯片图像背景均匀,信号清晰.用ImaGene4.0软件对表达谱分析表明,候选基因在水稻花序3个不同发育阶段的材料中,表达水平有显著差异.为进一步进行水稻寡核苷酸芯片的制备及应用奠定了基础.     

转基因作物在农业生产中的应用及发展趋势

将外源基因定向引入植物细胞,创造转基因作物新品种,已广泛应用于农业生产,产生了巨大的社会经济效益;在提高作物产量、改良作物品质、提高其抗旱、耐盐碱能力等方面将具有新的突破。     

江汉平原水稻长势遥感监测及估产模型

以江汉平原监利县为例，探讨利用极轨气象卫星资料（ＮＯＡＡ－ＡＶＨＲＲ）监测水稻长势以及建立水稻估产模型，通过对样点资料的分析表明：（１）利用水稻垂直植被指数（ＰＶＩ）能推算水稻叶面积指数，并有利地从混合象元中提取其它水稻信息；（２）水稻叶面积指数阴有效积温呈规律性变化，将ＮＯＡＡ－ＡＶＨＲＲ民有效积温结合可以大范围监测水稻长势；（３）水稻叶面积时间累积量是反映水稻产量形成过程的有效指数，用它预报水     

利用转录组测序分析大豆矮小突变体中差异表达基因

植株高度是影响农作物产量的重要性状,本实验以大豆矮小突变体为研究材料,发现GA3处理可以部分恢复其矮化表型。为了探究其至矮的分子机制,运用RNA-Seq技术测序分析了野生型和突变体的转录组差异,结果表明有多个与植物激素相关的基因差异表达,其中Glyma19g01590与植物激素GA调节有关,生物信息学分析表明差异表达基因Glyma19g01590的开放阅读框有594 bp,推测编码198个氨基酸,该蛋白具有GASA(Gibberellic Acid-Stimulated in Arabidopsis)保守区域,GASA保守区域与GA调节有关。半定量RT-PCR实验表明Glyma19g01590在突变体中的表达水平明显高于野生型,qRT-PCR实验表明Glyma19g01590在突变体的表达量大约是是野生型的24倍。根据以上结果推测Glyma19g01590基因是导致大豆矮小表型的因素之一。     

植物激素调控籽粒大小的研究进展

植物种子的大小和品质是影响农作物产量的主要因素之一,研究控制种子籽粒大小发育的相关因素,对提高农作物产量具有重要意义.近年通过分析种子发育缺陷突变体或QTL等分子遗传学的方法,发现许多控制种子发育的重要基因影响着种子的大小和产量.对模式植物拟南芥和水稻的研究发现,许多调控种子发育的功能基因通过整合到植物激素的代谢或信号转导途径起作用,说明植物激素在调控籽粒发育中发挥重要作用,但有关作用的分子机理及其遗传调控网络待阐明.该文以模式植物拟南芥和水稻种子发育研究为例,着重介绍植物激素调控种子籽粒大小调控的研究进展.     

小盐芥(Thellungiella salsuginea)CBF1基因的克隆

CBFs （ CRT/DRE-binding factor ）是结合DNA顺式元件CCGAC的转录因子．拟南芥中CBFs由一个小的基因家族编码，包括3个成员：CBF1、CBF2和CBF3，它们在植物抗逆性调控中起重要作用．为了获得高度耐盐耐旱的转基因植物，我们以盐生植物小盐芥为材料，依据拟南芥中CBF1的序列信息设计引物，扩增出小盐芥中CBF1的部分序列，然后使用SMART^TM RACE等方法，从小盐芥中克隆到全长的CBF1 cDNA序列，进而重组到植物表达载体中，为植物抗逆基因工程提供了有用基因．     

HAR1 mediates systemic regulation of symbiotic organ development

Symbiotic root nodules are beneficial to leguminous host plants; however, excessive nodulation damages the host because it interferes with the distribution of nutrients in the plant. To keep a steady balance, the nodulation programme is regulated systemically in leguminous hosts. Leguminous mutants that have lost this ability display a hypernodulating phenotype. Through the use of reciprocal and self-grafting studies using Lotus japonicus hypernodulating mutants, har1 (also known as sym78), we show that the shoot genotype is responsible for the negative regulation of nodule development. A map-based cloning strategy revealed that HAR1 encodes a protein with a relative molecular mass of 108,000, which contains 21 leucine-rich repeats, a single transmembrane domain and serine/threonine kinase domains. The har1 mutant phenotype was rescued by transfection of the HAR1 gene. In a comparison of Arabidopsis receptor-like kinases, HAR1 showed the highest level of similarity with CLAVATA1 (CLV1). CLV1 negatively regulates formation of the shoot and floral meristems through cell-cell communication involving the CLV3 peptide. Identification of hypernodulation genes thus indicates that genes in leguminous plants bearing a close resemblance to CLV1 regulate nodule development systemically, by means of organ-organ communication.     

A petunia ABC protein controls strigolactone-dependent symbiotic signalling and branching

Strigolactones were originally identified as stimulators of the germination of root-parasitic weeds that pose a serious threat to resource-limited agriculture. They are mostly exuded from roots and function as signalling compounds in the initiation of arbuscular mycorrhizae, which are plant-fungus symbionts with a global effect on carbon and phosphate cycling. Recently, strigolactones were established to be phytohormones that regulate plant shoot architecture by inhibiting the outgrowth of axillary buds. Despite their importance, it is not known how strigolactones are transported. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, however, are known to have functions in phytohormone translocation. Here we show that the Petunia hybrida ABC transporter PDR1 has a key role in regulating the development of arbuscular mycorrhizae and axillary branches, by functioning as a cellular strigolactone exporter. P. hybrida pdr1 mutants are defective in strigolactone exudation from their roots, resulting in reduced symbiotic interactions. Above ground, pdr1 mutants have an enhanced branching phenotype, which is indicative of impaired strigolactone allocation. Overexpression of Petunia axillaris PDR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in increased tolerance to high concentrations of a synthetic strigolactone, consistent with increased export of strigolactones from the roots. PDR1 is the first known component in strigolactone transport, providing new opportunities for investigating and manipulating strigolactone-dependent processes.