双相不锈钢热老化前后拉伸变形行为的电子背散射衍射表征

通过电子背散射衍射实验分析方法,研究变形量和热老化因素对双相不锈钢的拉伸性能、相边界、局部应变分布、重位点阵特殊晶界和取向分布的影响。研究结果表明：热老化后,双相不锈钢的强度提高,韧性降低;在大变形条件下铁素体晶粒内小角度晶界的数量和密度略有增加;热老化材料的铁素体的塑性变形和局部应变能力下降,大变形破坏初始奥氏体和铁素体以及∑3孪晶边界的分布。     

双相不锈钢超塑性变形机理

从材料的晶体结构出发,研究了双相不锈钢超塑性变形的机理.利用背散射电子衍射花样分析系统(EBSD),获得了双相不锈钢变形过程中的ODF图、极图和取向与转轴分布等晶体取向分布规律.结合透射电镜对微观组织的观察结果进行了综合分析.研究表明,双相不锈钢超塑性变形的机理为形变诱导析出和动态再结晶、晶界滑移以及变形中的晶粒转动.     

变形速率对2205双相不锈钢形变诱导相变的影响

通过单道次压缩热模拟试验,研究了2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中组织组成相奥氏体相(γ)和铁素体相(δ)所占比例的变化情况.分析得到:2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中存在奥氏体相和铁素体相之间的相互转变,且热变形过程中发生的两相之间的相互转变也是2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中的一种动态软化机制.变形速率对2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中发生的相转变的影响规律为:变形速率很小时,δ→γ的转变占较大比重;随着变形速率的升高,γ→δ所占比例增加.     

不同应变速率热变形双相不锈钢的取向特征

在MMS-200热模拟实验机上,对S32750超级双相不锈钢在1 000℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s-1的条件下进行了高温压缩实验,利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对其晶体取向和晶界特征进行了分析.研究结果表明:在低应变速率时,铁素体晶粒出现〈111〉∥压缩轴织构;在高应变速率时,〈001〉织构又明显增加.铁素体晶粒随着应变速率的增加变得细小,而小角度晶界数量增加;在应变速率为10 s-1时,形变后奥氏体晶粒得到了〈110〉织构.应变速率的增加使奥氏体晶粒变大,小角度晶界数量增加.奥氏体相在小应变速率条件下变形可以获得更多的Σ3孪晶界.     

双相钢不锈钢药芯焊丝堆焊试验

双相不锈钢在室温下固溶体中奥氏体和铁素体约各占半且兼有两相组织特征。它保留了铁素体不锈钢导热系数大、线膨胀系数小、耐点蚀,缝蚀及氯化物应力腐蚀性能的特点;又具备奥氏体钢不锈钢韧性好、脆性转变温度较低、抗晶间腐蚀、力学性能和焊接性能好的优点,双相不锈钢堆焊层的力学性能和耐蚀性取决于接头能否保持适当的相比例,正确选用焊接材料、严格控制焊接热输入量以及制定合理的焊接工艺是是双相不锈钢焊接的关键,本文进行了双相不锈钢药芯焊丝堆焊工艺试验、焊接工艺评定及产品的施焊,各项技术指标均满足要求,证明所选用的焊接方法、焊接材料、焊接工艺规范正确合理。     

双相不锈钢的热脆性

本文研究了铁素体(F)-奥氏体(A)双相不锈钢在950～1200℃单轴压缩时的热脆性,撕裂发生在F/A相界面,热裂倾向对温度十分敏感。通过塑性形变增大F/A界面总面积并改变铸态的魏氏体组织,可抑制热裂倾向.σ相降低钢的热塑性,但它在1000℃以上高温时溶解速度很快。在1000℃以下塑性形变可加速σ相和二次奥氏体(A′)的析出。     

Cr21节约型双相不锈钢的高温塑性

通过高温拉伸和高温压缩试验研究了两种Cr21节约型双相不锈钢在950～1150℃温度范围内的高温塑性,结果表明两种材料的高温塑性差异很大.通过温度、应变速率、相比例和显微组织4个方面的分析发现,适当增加稳定铁素体相元素和升高变形温度有利于提高Cr21节约型双相不锈钢的高温塑性.在较低温度较高应变速率热变形时,裂纹容易在被拉长的奥氏体和铁素体相界处形核并沿着相界在铁素体内进行扩展.     

Q235碳素钢不同热变形条件下退火过程的织构分析

利用扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射(EBXD)和X射线衍射技术研究了三种方式热变形后保温时铁素体的长大行为.结果表明,回复、再结晶和长大的相对程度与第二相粒子的状态及铁素体的取向分布有关.形变强化相变产生的超细铁素体中形变储存能较低,退火时难以发生静态再结晶,而以晶粒长大为主,铁素体因第二相出现较晚而充分生长:A1温度以下纯铁素体区形变的铁素体虽然形变储存能最高,形变量最大,但第二相钉扎最明显,铁素体仅发生部分再结晶,<111>取向形变晶粒比<100>取向形变晶粒更明显地被削弱;α+γ两相区形变时,铁素体(亚)晶粒发生回复式长大,<111>取向晶粒和<100>取向晶粒有不同的再结晶倾向.     

Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢的空蚀行为

利用磁致伸缩空蚀试验机对Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢在蒸馏水和人工海水中进行了空蚀实验,并采用扫描电镜跟踪观察了经不同时间段空蚀后试样的形貌.通过测量失重绘制了材料的累积失重量和失重率曲线.经电化学工作站测量了材料在静态与空蚀条件下的极化曲线和腐蚀电位变化.对比分析了Cr32Ni7Mo3N与SAF2205双相不锈钢在人工海水的抗空蚀能力.结果表明:Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢空蚀破坏首先在铁素体薄弱区以及铁素体和奥氏体相界发生,并向铁素体内扩展,铁素体发生解离断裂脱落;奥氏体随着空蚀的进行,滑移线增多,显微硬度值增加,且人工海水中奥氏体显微硬度值比在蒸馏水中的高;铁素体大面积破坏后,奥氏体才失稳产生延性断裂脱落,奥氏体的存在延缓了破坏在整个材料表面上的扩展.空蚀与腐蚀交互影响导致材料在人工海水中加速破坏.Cr32Ni7Mo3N特级双相不锈钢在人工海水中的抗空蚀能力优于SAF2205双相不锈钢.     

超级双相不锈钢S32760疲劳性能研究

S32760是超级双相不锈钢的代表钢种之一,具有良好的力学性能。在YRB-200旋转弯曲疲劳机上对其在空气中的疲劳性能进行了试验,结果表明S32760在空气中的疲劳极限为556.667MPa,S-N曲线的幂函数表达式为S=1055.46285-0.04136。夹渣及其造成的显微疏孔比夹杂物更容易导致双相不锈钢萌生裂纹。在裂纹扩展第I阶段,发生解理断裂的是部分铁素体和二次金相σ相,发生滑移断裂的是奥氏体相和部分铁素体相。疲劳辉纹在经过二次裂纹之后,间距显著减小,裂纹扩展速率下降。对比同代双相不锈钢的疲劳比,说明材料的疲劳性能与其屈强比有着密切的关系。     

Mechanism of hot-rolling crack formation in lean duplex stainless steel 2101

The thermoplasticity of duplex stainless steel 2205 (DSS2205) is better than that of lean duplex steel 2101 (LDX2101), which undergoes severe cracking during hot rolling. The microstructure, microhardness, phase ratio, and recrystallization dependence of the deformation compatibility of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Thermo-Calc software, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the phase-ratio transformations of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were almost equal under the condition of increasing solution temperature. Thus, the phase transformation was not the main cause for the hot plasticity difference of these two steels. The grain size of LDX2101 was substantially greater than that of DSS2205, and the microhardness difference of LDX2101 was larger than that of DSS2205. This difference hinders the transfer of strain from ferrite to austenite. In the rolling process, the ferrite grains of LDX2101 underwent continuous softening and were substantially refined. However, although little recrystallization occurred at the boundaries of austenite, serious deformation accumulated in the interior of austenite, leading to a substantial increase in hardness. The main cause of crack formation is the microhardness difference between ferrite and austenite.     

时效处理对2205 DSS组织及力学性能的影响

首先对2205 DSS进行了1 100℃固溶处理,随后将试样分别在650,700,750,800,850和900℃下进行不同时间的时效处理,探究2205 DSS中σ相的析出规律及其对材料组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:2205 DSS中σ相的析出分为有碳化物伴随和无碳化物伴随两种方式,前者发生在α-γ相界上,后者则主要发生在α相的晶内和晶界;2205 DSS在850℃时效时σ相的析出行为最严重;在析出σ相后,合金元素Cr和Mo在各相中会发生不同程度的偏聚;2205 DSS中析出少量的σ相对材料的塑性影响不大,但会显著降低材料的冲击韧性,而σ相的大量析出则会使两者均发生严重恶化;σ相的析出对材料的屈服强度影响不大,对材料的抗拉强度有略微的提高作用.     

Effect of superplastic deformation on precipitation behavior of sigma phase in 3207 duplex stainless steel

Owing to excellent strength, toughness and corrosion resistance, duplex stainless steels(DSS) are widely used in constructional and petrochemical applications. Sigma phase, which has detrimental impact on the properties, is readily precipitated during hot working of DSS. However, precipitation behavior of sigma phase during superplastic deformation, which is the most significant processing method of DSS, is still unclear. In the current study,the effect of superplastic deformation on the precipitation behavior of sigma phase was investigated in 3207 duplex stainless steel. The result shows that superplastic deformation could prevent sigma phase precipitation generally by increasing mobility of grain boundaries and decreasing misorientation of the sigma phase boundaries, resulting in some sigma phase precipitated on the twin boundaries. Most of the sigma phase precipitated on ferrite-austenite interface with misorientation of 20–25°, while it precipitated in ferrite or austenite with the misorientation of 40°–45°. The orientation relationship between sigma phase and matrix matched well in austenite and on the ferrite/austenite interfaces, while it showed a small misfit in ferrite. The prevention effect of the superplastic deformation on the sigma phase precipitation was beneficial to quasi stable deformation stage,resulting in longer elongation.     

现代双相不锈钢焊接研究

在概述现代双相不锈钢的发展及有关焊接方面若干问题的基础上，采用有代表性的2205双相不锈钢进行MIG焊接试验，研究了热输入量对焊缝的金相组织、铁素体含量、硬度及冲击韧性的影响，以及混合保护气体（Ar30％He1％O2）对焊缝成形及性能的影响。此外还提出了采用计算机图象分析仪进行铁素体含量测定的方法。研究结果表明，2205双相不锈钢具有良好的可焊性，采用MIG焊在不同的规范下均可以获得性能优异的焊缝；混合保护气较纯氩保护时可以获得更大的熔深和更好的焊缝形状；计算机图象分析可以更迅速、精确地测定铁素体含量，且重复性好。     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950~1200℃,应变速率为0.1~10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明:在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为:ε=2.41×1016[sinh(0.012σs)]3.91exp (-436000/RT)。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

Characterizations of dissimilar S32205/316L welds using austenitic,super-austenitic and super-duplex filler metals

UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel plates were welded to AISI 316L stainless steel using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process with three different filler metals: ER2594, ER312, and ER385. The microstructures of the welds were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy, and all of the specimens were evaluated by ferrite measurements. The mechanical properties were studied through hardness, tensile, and impact tests. In addition, the pitting resistance equivalent number was calculated and cyclic polarization tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the weld metal. The results showed that chromium nitride was formed in the heat-affected zone of the duplex side, whereas no sigma phase was detected in any of the specimens. The ferrite number increased from the root pass to the final pass. The absorbed energies of the impact test decreased with increasing ferrite number, whereas the tensile strength was enhanced. The fully austenitic microstructure of the specimen welded with ER385 exhibited the highest resistance to pitting corrosion at 25°C, and the super-duplex weld metal presented superior corrosion resistance at 50°C.