经济型双相不锈钢2101中氮化物在基体中的平衡固溶度计算

为了解析出物对经济型双相不锈钢2101热塑性的影响机制,对比了相同工艺下2101和2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中相界析出物产生的规律.结果表明:2101钢比2205钢的相界处更倾向于产生析出物,促使后续热变形过程中相界产生裂纹,进而影响材料的热塑性.根据热力学相关数据,通过Thermo-Calc和实验测试数据,推导出2101和2205双相不锈钢析出物Cr2N的平衡固溶度公式,计算实验钢中析出物Cr2N的全固溶温度,同时引入Wagner相互作用系数,考虑了Ni、Mn、Mo和Si对固溶度积公式的影响.发现2101双相不锈钢中Cr2N的全固溶温度比2205钢高100℃左右,计算结果和实验结果吻合较好.实际生产过程中必须控制双相不锈钢热轧的终轧温度到全固溶温度以上,否则相界容易产生氮化物析出,影响材料热塑性.     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950~1200℃,应变速率为0.1~10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明:在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为:ε=2.41×1016[sinh(0.012σs)]3.91exp (-436000/RT)。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

Constituent phases of the passive film formed on 2205 stainless steel by dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The passive film formed on 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in 0.5 M NaHCO₃+0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution was characterized by electrochemical measurements, including potentiodynamic anodic polarization and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS). The results demonstrate that there is a great difference between the passive film evolutions of ferrite and austenite. The impedance values of ferrite are higher than those of austenite. The impedance peaks of ferritic and austenitic phases correspond to the potential of 0.15 and 0.25 V in the low potential range and correspond to 0.8 and 0.75 V in the high potential range. The evolutions of the capacitance of both phases are reverse compared to the evolutions of impedance. The thickness variations obtained from capacitance agree well with those of impedance analysis. The results can be used to explain why pitting corrosion occurs more easily in austenite phase than in ferrite phase.     

Hot deformation behavior of microstructural constituents in a duplex stainless steel during high-temperature straining

The hot deformation characteristics of 1.4462 duplex stainless steel (DSS) were analyzed by considering strain partitioning between austenite and ferrite constituents. The individual behavior of ferrite and austenite in microstructure was studied in an iso-stress condition. Hot compression tests were performed at temperatures of 800–1100℃ and strain rates of 0.001–1 s?1. The flow stress was modeled by a hyperbolic sine constitutive equation, the corresponding constants and apparent activation energies were determined for the studied alloys. The constitutive equation and law of mixture were used to measure the contribution factor of each phase at any given strain. It is found that the contribution factor of ferrite exponentially declines as the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) increases. On the contrary, the austenite contribution polynomially increases with the increase of Z. At low Z values below 2.6.×1015 (lnZ=35.5), a negative contribution factor is determined for austenite that is attributed to dynamic recrystallization. At high Z values, the contribution factor of austenite is about two orders of magnitude greater than that of ferrite, and therefore, austenite can accommodate more strain. Microstructural characterization via electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) confirms the mechanical results and shows that austenite recrystallization is possible only at high temperature and low strain rate.     

热轧变形量对铝热法制备的 2507双相不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

对铝热反应制备的微纳结构2507双相不锈钢在1 000 ℃下进行了变形量为40%、60%和80%的轧制处理.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)研究其轧制态显微组织.采用万能拉伸试验机和布洛维光学硬度计测试其力学性能.测试结果表明:轧制过程中,奥氏体和铁素体沿轧制方向被拉长,且奥氏体向铁素体转变.随着轧制变形量的增加,纳米晶平均晶粒尺寸变化不大,但体积分数减小.1 000 ℃下轧制变形量为40%、60%和80%后的屈服强度分别为232、284、456 MPa,抗拉强度分别为533、577、582 MPa,硬度分别为325、330、337 HV,延伸率分别为12.5%、11.1%和11.5%.     

SAF 2205双相不锈钢织构与冲压特性

研究SAF 2205双相不锈钢冷轧退火板的冲压特性以及冷轧和退火织构对其冲压性能的影响.实验钢冷轧退火板表现出较差的深冲性能和明显的45°制耳,其r平均值和Δr值分别为0.7和-0.27,这主要与其在冷轧及退火后形成的织构有关. ODF图显示,退火后SAF 2205双相不锈钢中铁素体相未形成γ纤维再结晶织构,仍然为分散的α纤维织构.实验钢中铁素体相的织构强度明显高于奥氏体相,其对钢板成形性的影响更显著,即其各种〈110〉退火织构组分均不利于实验钢r平均值的提高,并且使得Δr<0.此外,奥氏体相的{110}〈001〉织构也对钢板成形性能产生一定程度的影响.     

热轧Nb微合金化TRIP钢高温区变形过程中Nb的析出行为

通过Gleeble热模拟实验研究了含0.038% Nb (质量分数)的热轧TRIP钢在高温奥氏体区的热加工工艺,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了组织演变和Nb的析出行为,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪定量分析了Nb的固溶/析出程度.在1250℃奥氏体化5 min后添加Nb有70%固溶于奥氏体.在1000℃以上的奥氏体再结晶区变形过程中Nb的析出量仅占总固溶量的3%,不能有效抑制静态再结晶,奥氏体晶粒得到明显细化.在900℃的奥氏体未再结晶区变形前析出Nb量已达到总固溶量的9%,再结晶被抑制而获得拉长状奥氏体.奥氏体未再结晶区变形可促进铁素体转变并细化铁素体晶粒.再结晶奥氏体或形变奥氏体状态下冷却至650℃时分别有占总添加量的48%和40%的Nb仍以固溶态存在.     

含钒超细晶双相钢的细化机制

利用铁素体+马氏体+贝氏体的初始显微组织结合冷轧和连续退火的方法达到了细化晶粒的目的,通过这种方式制备的双相钢中有63.8%的铁素体晶粒尺寸分布于0.5～1μm,有53%的马氏体晶粒尺寸分布于0.5～1μm.针对该现象研究了基于铁素体+马氏体+贝氏体初始显微组织含钒超细晶双相钢的晶粒细化机制.分析认为,细化机制主要有三个方面:第一是形变对显微组织的细化,包括为了得到铁素体+马氏体+贝氏体的初始显微组织而进行的热轧和冷轧;第二是冷轧态显微组织的再结晶和快速奥氏体化;第三是钒的析出物阻碍奥氏体的长大.     

Effect of superplastic deformation on precipitation behavior of sigma phase in 3207 duplex stainless steel

Owing to excellent strength, toughness and corrosion resistance, duplex stainless steels(DSS) are widely used in constructional and petrochemical applications. Sigma phase, which has detrimental impact on the properties, is readily precipitated during hot working of DSS. However, precipitation behavior of sigma phase during superplastic deformation, which is the most significant processing method of DSS, is still unclear. In the current study,the effect of superplastic deformation on the precipitation behavior of sigma phase was investigated in 3207 duplex stainless steel. The result shows that superplastic deformation could prevent sigma phase precipitation generally by increasing mobility of grain boundaries and decreasing misorientation of the sigma phase boundaries, resulting in some sigma phase precipitated on the twin boundaries. Most of the sigma phase precipitated on ferrite-austenite interface with misorientation of 20–25°, while it precipitated in ferrite or austenite with the misorientation of 40°–45°. The orientation relationship between sigma phase and matrix matched well in austenite and on the ferrite/austenite interfaces, while it showed a small misfit in ferrite. The prevention effect of the superplastic deformation on the sigma phase precipitation was beneficial to quasi stable deformation stage,resulting in longer elongation.     

变形速率对2205双相不锈钢形变诱导相变的影响

通过单道次压缩热模拟试验,研究了2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中组织组成相奥氏体相(γ)和铁素体相(δ)所占比例的变化情况.分析得到:2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中存在奥氏体相和铁素体相之间的相互转变,且热变形过程中发生的两相之间的相互转变也是2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中的一种动态软化机制.变形速率对2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中发生的相转变的影响规律为:变形速率很小时,δ→γ的转变占较大比重;随着变形速率的升高,γ→δ所占比例增加.     

合金含量对热变形奥氏体组织演变的影响

建立了低合金和微合金钢奥氏体再结晶动力学模型,并采用单道次和双道次压缩实验来验证Si-Mn钢和Nb-V钢模型中的参数,实验结果证明了模型的准确性.将该模型应用于宝钢2050热轧生产线来预测奥氏体晶粒尺寸在热轧过程中的变化,以及每一道次流变应力.结果表明,添加低合金和微合金元素都能抑制再结晶的发生和晶粒长大,使流变应力增高.     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-rich carbonitrides resulted from the dendritic carbonitrides undissolved during the reheating process; Ti-rich carbonitrides re-precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during the reheating process; NbC carbides mainly heterogeneously nucleated on the small pre-existing Nb-rich carbonitrides in the hot rolling process; and NbC carbides precipitated on dislocations during hot rolling.     

热模拟平面应变条件下的热轧织构研究

以微合金钢为材料,采用光学显微镜和EBSD,研究热模拟平面应变实验条件下再结晶奥氏体和变形奥氏体的织构演变.研究发现,在热模拟平面应变实验的压缩过程中,试样的两个自由端限制了变形区金属的宽向流动,达到了很好的平面应变状态.对于再结晶奥氏体相变工艺,由于相变前奥氏体发生再结晶,无畸变保留,奥氏体分解为仿晶界铁素体、贝氏体和少量的珠光体,织构为{100}011α;对于变形奥氏体相变工艺,未再结晶区的变形促进了铁素体相变,使奥氏体分解为铁素体和珠光体组织,织构为{332}113α和{113}110α.此两种工艺条件下的织构,皆为平面应变条件下的奥氏体相变织构,即热模拟平面应变实验可以达到很好的平面应变状态,可用于研究热轧过程的织构演变.     

Ti微合金化Q390高强钢热变形行为研究

通过单道次压缩实验,研究了屈服强度390 MPa级Ti微合金化高强钢的热变形行为,并建立了实验钢的变形抗力模型和动态再结晶数学模型.结果表明:随着变形温度的降低,变形抗力逐渐增大;随着应变速率的增大,应力-应变曲线由动态再结晶型转变为动态回复型.Q390钢的动态再结晶激活能为257.142 k J/mol.建立的高精度的数学模型可表征Ti微合金化Q390钢的高温变形行为.与常规成分体系相比,Ti微合金化成分设计的实验钢轧制时所需的轧制力较小,更容易发生动态再结晶,有利于奥氏体晶粒的细化,可有效地提高钢材强韧性.     

Effect of cryogenic rolling and annealing on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 304 stainless steel

Metastable 304 austenitic stainless steel was subjected to rolling at cryogenic and room temperatures, followed by annealing at different temperatures from 500 to 950℃. Phase transition during annealing was studied using X-ray diffractometry. Transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction were used to characterize the martensite transformation and the distribution of austenite grain size after annealing. The recrystallization mechanism during cryogenic rolling was a reversal of martensite into austenite and austenite growth. Cryogenic rolling followed by annealing refined grains to 4.7 μm compared with 8.7 μm achieved under room-temperature rolling, as shown by the electron backscattered diffraction images. Tensile tests showed significantly improved mechanical properties after cryogenic rolling as the yield strength was enhanced by 47% compared with room-temperature rolling.     

控轧控冷TRIP钢的微观相组成及其与力学性能的关系

采用电子背散射衍射技术等实验方法,研究了控轧控冷工艺制备的铌钒微合金化C-Mn-Si系热轧TRIP钢的显微组织及相组成,并分析了与其对应的力学性能．奥氏体轧制过程中的热变形及随后的冷却工艺对最终各相组织的形貌、大小和分布都有直接影响,并决定TRIP钢最终的力学性能．对TRIP钢卷取温度的模拟结果显示,与450和350℃模拟卷取温度相比,400℃模拟卷取温度能使该钢获得更好的综合力学性能．     

SAF2205双相不锈钢焊接工艺及耐蚀性的研究

本试验以获得合理的奥氏体/铁素体两相比例为指导原则,采用6组焊接工艺参数对2205双相不锈钢板材进行对接。首先对各个焊接接头进行定量金相计算及分析,然后通过拉伸、弯曲试验选取力学性能优良的焊接接头进行腐蚀试验。焊缝的耐蚀性因其焊缝中奥氏体含量区别不大而无太大差异,腐蚀介质浓度较高时,在保护气中加入2%的氮气,试样耐蚀性较强,但3组试样的焊接接头焊缝的耐蚀性均小于母材。     

含Nb船板钢再结晶行为及控轧工艺研究

在Φ450轧机上对含Nb船板钢进行阶梯轧制,研究不同变形温度和变形量下高温奥氏体再结晶行为,绘制出奥氏体形变再结晶区域图,根据再结晶区域图进行热轧实验,通过两种不同的控轧工艺实验对比,寻求力学性能稳定的含Nb船板钢控轧工艺。结果表明,变形温度为1000℃,20%的变形量可发生奥氏体再结晶;变形温度为900℃,低于30%的变形量不发生奥氏体再结晶,变形量增大至40%～50%,发生部分奥氏体再结晶;变形温度为850℃,50%的变形量也不发生奥氏体再结晶。终轧温度提高至910℃,利用超快速冷却技术,合理控制精轧阶段的变形量,可使含Nb船板钢获得与低温终轧条件相当的力学性能。     

异步热轧对低合金钢显微组织及力学性能的影响

分别采用同步热轧及异速比为1.2的异步热轧对低合金钢进行热轧,研究异步热轧对低合金钢显微组织及力学性能的影响机制.结果表明,与同步热轧相比,异步热轧可显著促进低合金钢奥氏体/铁素体相变,提高热轧钢板厚度方向的组织均匀性.同步热轧工艺下,钢板表层为细晶铁素体层,厚度1/4或1/2处组织为粗大的贝氏体.异步热轧工艺下,钢板板厚方向主要为均匀的铁素体组织.两种热轧条件下,实验钢的抗拉强度和延伸率相当,分别为710~718 MPa和20%.采用异步热轧代替同步热轧后,实验钢的屈服强度由526MPa提高至561 MPa.这主要是由于同步热轧的钢板相变强化占主导,而异步热轧的钢板细晶强化相对较强.     

Q345钢在直轧过程中二相粒子析出对奥氏体晶粒的影响

通过热模拟轧制技术,研究了不同工艺条件下二相粒子析出物对奥氏体再结晶的影响,并对Q345钢直接轧制工艺中C,N化物的析出对组织性能的影响进行了深入探讨.结果表明,利用二相粒子析出可以细化奥氏体晶粒组织,从而改善钢的内部组织和材料的力学性能.