双相不锈钢热变形行为研究

采用高温压缩实验方法研究了两种不同氮含量双相不锈钢00Cr22Ni5Mo3N和00Cr22Ni1Mo0.7N在1 000~1 200℃温度范围内、应变速率为0.01~30 s-1条件下的热变形行为.根据实验数据构建了两种双相不锈钢的热变形方程,两种双相不锈钢的形变激活能分别为534 kJ/mol和482 kJ/mol.通过对微观组织的观察和分析,确定了较高温度且较低应变速率区域为优化的热加工区域.在该优化的热加工区域进行变形时,奥氏体和铁素体发生充分的动态再结晶和动态回复;而在较低温度、较高应变速率区域进行变形时,微观组织呈现强烈的局部流变,甚至可以观察到裂纹.     

含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的高温变形行为

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机在950~1200℃,应变速率为0.1~10s-1条件下进行了含稀土的23Cr型双相不锈钢的热压缩变形,获得了流变曲线,建立了热变形方程,分析了变形组织。结果表明:在流变曲线上既存在峰值应力也有稳态应力;在高温低应变速率条件下,峰值应变减小。上述变形条件下,试验钢的热变形激活能Q=436kJ/mol,表观应力指数n=3.91,热变形方程为:ε=2.41×1016[sinh(0.012σs)]3.91exp (-436000/RT)。奥氏体的动态再结晶在试验钢的动态软化机制中起主导作用且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低越来越充分;而大应变下,铁素体的软化主要表现为较充分的动态回复。稀土元素影响了热变形时两相中Mo元素的再分配是稀土改善双相不锈钢高温塑性的重要原因之一。稀土使Mo在铁素体中浓度较低温度下降低,高温下升高;而奥氏体相中,使得Mo浓度在较低温度下升高而高温下降低。     

变形速率对2205双相不锈钢形变诱导相变的影响

通过单道次压缩热模拟试验,研究了2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中组织组成相奥氏体相(γ)和铁素体相(δ)所占比例的变化情况.分析得到:2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中存在奥氏体相和铁素体相之间的相互转变,且热变形过程中发生的两相之间的相互转变也是2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中的一种动态软化机制.变形速率对2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中发生的相转变的影响规律为:变形速率很小时,δ→γ的转变占较大比重;随着变形速率的升高,γ→δ所占比例增加.     

50Mn18Cr4V无磁钢的热变形行为

通过高温压缩热模拟实验,研究了50Mn18Cr4V高锰无磁钢在变形温度为900~1100℃、应变速率为01~10s-1条件下的热变形行为.结果表明,VC第二相的应变诱导析出对50Mn18Cr4V的热变形行为产生重要影响.当变形温度为900~1000℃,应变速率为5s-1时,VC第二相不能充分析出,与应变速率为1s-1相比,对动态再结晶的阻碍作用减弱.应尽量使实验钢在高温段完成热加工,并适当提高应变速率.随着变形温度降低到950℃以下,材料的塑性变差,若以较低的应变速率变形,容易造成晶界开裂;应变速率过高,容易造成流变失稳,因此,以5s-1的应变速率变形,较为适宜.确定了50Mn18Cr4V无磁钢的再结晶激活能为7769kJ/mol.通过实验数据回归,建立了实验钢的高温变形抗力模型.     

粉末冶金TiAl基合金高温变形行为

采用等温压缩试验,在变形温度为600～1050℃、应变速率为0.002～0.2s-1的条件下,研究了粉末冶金Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr合金的高温压缩性能与高温变形行为.结果表明:合金在高温压缩变形时,屈服强度随变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低而降低,塑性趋于升高.合金在高温塑性变形时,峰值流变应力、应变速率和变形温度之间较好地满足双曲正弦函数形式修正的Arrhenius关系,说明其变形受热激活控制.在800～1050℃/0.002～0.2s-1范围内,合金应变敏感系数m为0.152,高温变形激活能Q为376kJ.mol-1.     

高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢的热变形行为

采用MMS200热/力模拟机及Thermo-Calc热力学计算方法,研究了高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢在变形温度为600～1 100℃、应变速率为1～10 s-1条件下的热变形规律.结果表明,在热变形过程中,高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢的组织均以铁素体为主,不存在γ/α相变且仅仅发生较快的动态回复软化;高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢热的变形激活能为384.985 kJ/mol.在此基础上,确定了Z参数,并得到了高纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢的峰值应力σp与Z参数间的关系.     

经济型双相不锈钢2101中氮化物在基体中的平衡固溶度计算

为了解析出物对经济型双相不锈钢2101热塑性的影响机制,对比了相同工艺下2101和2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中相界析出物产生的规律.结果表明:2101钢比2205钢的相界处更倾向于产生析出物,促使后续热变形过程中相界产生裂纹,进而影响材料的热塑性.根据热力学相关数据,通过Thermo-Calc和实验测试数据,推导出2101和2205双相不锈钢析出物Cr2N的平衡固溶度公式,计算实验钢中析出物Cr2N的全固溶温度,同时引入Wagner相互作用系数,考虑了Ni、Mn、Mo和Si对固溶度积公式的影响.发现2101双相不锈钢中Cr2N的全固溶温度比2205钢高100℃左右,计算结果和实验结果吻合较好.实际生产过程中必须控制双相不锈钢热轧的终轧温度到全固溶温度以上,否则相界容易产生氮化物析出,影响材料热塑性.     

中温压力容器钢12CrMo的高温塑性研究

通过热模拟试验对中温压力容器钢12CrMo连铸坯的高温塑性进行研究.在不同的变形温度下采用10-3 s-1的应变速率对试样进行拉伸变形,测量拉伸断口的面缩率,并对拉伸断口的显微组织和析出物进行分析.结果表明, 当变形温度高于900 ℃时,试样在拉伸过程中发生动态再结晶,其面缩率大于85%,表现出优良的高温塑性;当变形温度为850 ℃时,有大量细小的AlN在12CrMo钢中弥散析出,其尺寸约为10 nm;当变形温度降至800 ℃时,大量的先共析铁素体沿奥氏体晶界析出,形成网状结构,试样面缩率降至36%,12CrMo钢的高温塑性显著下降.     

Z3CN20—09M铸造奥氏体不锈钢的低周疲劳行为

采用径向应变控制研究了Z3CN20-09M奥氏体不锈钢在室温和350℃高温下的低周疲劳行为．Z3CN20-09M不锈钢表现为先硬化后软化的循环特性,但硬化的程度取决于温度和应变幅．随着应变幅的增加,Z3CN20-09M钢的低周疲劳循环寿命逐渐减短,而相同循环次数下应力幅也随之提高．温度对Z3CN20-09M钢的低周疲劳行为影响较大,与室温相比高温下的循环硬化程度更高,相同应变幅下高温的低周疲劳寿命也高于常温下的寿命．通过疲劳实验的原位观察发现,奥氏体内的滑移面、夹杂物及奥氏体和铁素体两相的界面是疲劳裂纹可能的形核位置,奥氏体和铁素体两相的不协调变形使相界处产生应力集中,导致疲劳裂纹容易沿两相界面扩展．     

不同应变速率热变形双相不锈钢的取向特征

在MMS-200热模拟实验机上,对S32750超级双相不锈钢在1 000℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s-1的条件下进行了高温压缩实验,利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对其晶体取向和晶界特征进行了分析.研究结果表明:在低应变速率时,铁素体晶粒出现〈111〉∥压缩轴织构;在高应变速率时,〈001〉织构又明显增加.铁素体晶粒随着应变速率的增加变得细小,而小角度晶界数量增加;在应变速率为10 s-1时,形变后奥氏体晶粒得到了〈110〉织构.应变速率的增加使奥氏体晶粒变大,小角度晶界数量增加.奥氏体相在小应变速率条件下变形可以获得更多的Σ3孪晶界.     

热变形过程中γ→α相变开始温度的预测——C-Mn钢与Nb-v微合金钢

以Cahn理论和Scheil法则为基础,讨论了热变形过程对γ α相变的影响,预测了C Mn钢变形过程铁素体析出的开始温度Ar3d和Nb V钢连续冷却转变开始温度Ar3·结果表明,同样变形条件下,碳含量或锰含量越低的钢种Ar3d越高;同一成分钢种,随着变形量增大或变形速率降低Ar3d提高;随着冷却速率的增加,Ar3温度降低;变形可以提高Ar3温度·用该方法进行的计算机模拟结果和实验结果吻合良好,表明这种理论处理方法可用来模拟这种相变过程·     

双相不锈钢热老化前后拉伸变形行为的电子背散射衍射表征

通过电子背散射衍射实验分析方法,研究变形量和热老化因素对双相不锈钢的拉伸性能、相边界、局部应变分布、重位点阵特殊晶界和取向分布的影响。研究结果表明：热老化后,双相不锈钢的强度提高,韧性降低;在大变形条件下铁素体晶粒内小角度晶界的数量和密度略有增加;热老化材料的铁素体的塑性变形和局部应变能力下降,大变形破坏初始奥氏体和铁素体以及∑3孪晶边界的分布。     

Mechanism of hot-rolling crack formation in lean duplex stainless steel 2101

The thermoplasticity of duplex stainless steel 2205 (DSS2205) is better than that of lean duplex steel 2101 (LDX2101), which undergoes severe cracking during hot rolling. The microstructure, microhardness, phase ratio, and recrystallization dependence of the deformation compatibility of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Thermo-Calc software, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the phase-ratio transformations of LDX2101 and DSS2205 were almost equal under the condition of increasing solution temperature. Thus, the phase transformation was not the main cause for the hot plasticity difference of these two steels. The grain size of LDX2101 was substantially greater than that of DSS2205, and the microhardness difference of LDX2101 was larger than that of DSS2205. This difference hinders the transfer of strain from ferrite to austenite. In the rolling process, the ferrite grains of LDX2101 underwent continuous softening and were substantially refined. However, although little recrystallization occurred at the boundaries of austenite, serious deformation accumulated in the interior of austenite, leading to a substantial increase in hardness. The main cause of crack formation is the microhardness difference between ferrite and austenite.     

Effect of superplastic deformation on precipitation behavior of sigma phase in 3207 duplex stainless steel

Owing to excellent strength, toughness and corrosion resistance, duplex stainless steels(DSS) are widely used in constructional and petrochemical applications. Sigma phase, which has detrimental impact on the properties, is readily precipitated during hot working of DSS. However, precipitation behavior of sigma phase during superplastic deformation, which is the most significant processing method of DSS, is still unclear. In the current study,the effect of superplastic deformation on the precipitation behavior of sigma phase was investigated in 3207 duplex stainless steel. The result shows that superplastic deformation could prevent sigma phase precipitation generally by increasing mobility of grain boundaries and decreasing misorientation of the sigma phase boundaries, resulting in some sigma phase precipitated on the twin boundaries. Most of the sigma phase precipitated on ferrite-austenite interface with misorientation of 20–25°, while it precipitated in ferrite or austenite with the misorientation of 40°–45°. The orientation relationship between sigma phase and matrix matched well in austenite and on the ferrite/austenite interfaces, while it showed a small misfit in ferrite. The prevention effect of the superplastic deformation on the sigma phase precipitation was beneficial to quasi stable deformation stage,resulting in longer elongation.     

中碳钢高温力学和冶金行为

采用Gleeble 1500热模拟机对CSP生产的SS400、Q235B和Q345B钢的热塑性进行了研究.结果发现,所研究的钢存在两个低塑性区,即凝固脆性温区(Tm～1 310℃)和低温脆性温区(850～725℃).试样断口金相和成分分析表明:产生凝固脆性温区的原因主要是高温下枝晶间有害元素S、P和O富集形成液膜;产生低温脆性温区的原因主要是奥氏体晶界出现铁素体薄膜以及细小AlN析出造成连铸坯的塑性降低.根据研究结果,提出了改善钢的热塑性防止铸坯裂纹的工艺建议.     

Fe–0.3C–9Mn–2Al中锰钢的热塑性行为

The hot ductility of a Fe–0.3C–9Mn–2Al medium Mn steel was investigated using a Gleeble3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. Hot tensile tests were conducted at different temperatures (600–1300°C) under a constant strain rate of 4 × 10?3 s?1. The fracture behavior and mechanism of hot ductility evolution were discussed. Results showed that the hot ductility decreased as the temperature was decreased from 1000°C. The reduction of area (RA) decreased rapidly in the specimens tested below 700°C, whereas that in the specimen tested at 650°C was lower than 65%. Mixed brittle–ductile fracture feature is reflected by the coexistence of cleavage step, intergranular facet, and dimple at the surface. The fracture belonged to ductile failure in the specimens tested between 720–1000°C. Large and deep dimples could delay crack propagation. The change in average width of the dimples was in positive proportion with the change in RA. The wide austenite–ferrite intercritical temperature range was crucial for the hot ductility of medium Mn steel. The formation of ferrite film on austenite grain boundaries led to strain concentration. Yield point elongation occurred at the austenite–ferrite intercritical temperature range during the hot tensile test.     

SPHC钢应变诱导相变细化铁素体晶粒

以SPHC钢为对象,在Gleeble-1500型热模拟机上进行单道次热压缩试验,通过分析变形后的应力与应变曲线及变形过程中的金相组织变化,研究应变诱导相变的基本规律及铁素体晶粒细化效果.结果表明:在750~830℃的变形中存在应变诱导铁素体相变,并获得超细晶铁素体晶粒尺寸为1.6~4.6μm;降低变形温度将增加相变所需化学驱动力,促进应变诱导铁素体相变的发生,从而细化铁素体晶粒;在一定的应变条件下,应变诱导相变获得的铁素体晶粒尺寸和体积分数均随应变速率的增加而减少.