Phase-selection and metastable phase formation in highly undercooled eutectic Ni_(78.6)Si_(21.4)alloys

A large undercooling (250 K) was achieved in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melt by the combination of molten-glass denucleation and cyclic superheating. The metastable phase formation process in the bulk undercooled eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts was investigated. With the increase of undercooling, different metastable phases form in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts and part of these metastable phases can be kept at room temperature through slow post-solidification. Under large undercooling, the metastable phases β2-Ni3Si, Ni31Si12 and Ni3Si2 were identified. Especially, the Ni3Si2 phase was obtained in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 alloy for the first time. Based on the principle of free energy minimum and transient nucleation theory, the solidification behavior of melts was analyzed with regard to the metastable phase formation when the melts were in highly undercooled state.     

Phase selection during solidification of undercooled Ni70.2Si29.8 eutectic alloy

High undercooling (about 392 K) was achieved in the bulk eutectic Ni_70.2Si_29.8 alloy melt through glass fluxing combined with cyclic superheating. It is found that the metastable phases Ni₃Si₂ and NiSi are obtained through slow post-solidification when undercooling exceeds 240 K. The metastable phases are confirmed by using the method of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the principle of the free energy minimum and the transient nucleation theory, the phase selection of melt is investigated with regard to the metastable phases formation in the bulk undercooled eutectic Ni_70.2Si_29.8 melts. The formation of metastable phases from undercooled Ni_70.2Si_29.8 melts is ascribed to competitive nucleation with the undercooling, i.e. high undercooling facilitates the preferential nucleation of metastable phases.     

Cu基亚稳难混溶合金液-液相变

通过气体雾化技术研究了Cu100-XFeX (X=15, 20, 30和40)合金的凝固行为. 考虑少量相液滴形核、扩散长大、空间迁移、凝固界面与液滴间的相互作用以及体积分数等共同影响因素,建立了能描述该类合金凝固组织演变动力学模型. 将数学模型与雾化液滴飞行过程中运动、传热和传质的控制方程相耦合,给出了数值求解方法,模拟计算了Cu基亚稳难混溶合金液-液相分离过程. 结果表明:富Fe粒子的平均尺寸随着Fe含量的增加而增大;少量相液滴形核发生在基体熔体过饱和度峰值附近;随着冷却速度的增大,雾化液滴中少量相液滴的形核率增大,但平均半径减小;少量相液滴在Marangoni迁移和与固/液界面相互排斥共同作用下,向雾化液滴中心迁移,使雾化粉末最终形成壳型组织结构.     

Deep-cryogenic-treatment-induced phase transformation in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

An aluminum alloy (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) subjected to deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) was systematically investigated. The results show that a DCT-induced phase transformation varies the microstructures and affects the mechanical properties of the Al alloy. Both Guinier-Preston (GP) zones and a metastable η' phase were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The phenomenon of the second precipitation of the GP zones in samples subjected to DCT after being aged was observed. The viability of this phase transformation was also demonstrated by first-principles calculations.     

化学沉积Ni—Cu—P合金镀层的组织结构

利用DSC和XRD研究了化学沉积Ni-Cu-P合金镀层的组织结构和晶化过程。结果表明：随着镀层中Cu含量的升高,Ni-Cu-P合金镀层向亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5转变和亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5向热力学稳定的Ni3P相转变的温度均逐渐升高;非晶态结构的合金镀层（质量分数）Ni-8.47%Cu-15.39%P、Ni-15.35%Cu-13.90%P及Ni-19.71%Cu-12.83%P在300℃加热后仍保持非晶态,而在363.39℃、363.69℃及370.04℃,这3种合金镀层分别转变为亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5,随着温度的升高在428.20℃、442.54℃及453.96℃,合金镀层中的亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5又进而转变为稳定相Ni3P;对于晶态结构（质量分数）Ni-56.49%Cu-6.01%P合金镀层,在170-330℃,镀层中Ni-Cu晶粒粗化、磷元素向晶界偏聚,在397.80℃镀层中的非晶相转变为亚稳中间相Ni5P2,在464.89℃亚稳中间相Ni5P2转变为稳定相Ni3P。     

Microstructure,thermal properties,and corrosion behaviors of FeSiBAlNi alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering

An equiatomic FeSiBAlNi amorphous high-entropy alloy (HEA) was fabricated by mechanical alloying (MA). A fully amorphous phase was obtained in the FeSiBAlNi HEA after 240 h of MA. The bulk FeSiBAlNi samples were sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 520 and 1080℃ under a pressure of 80 MPa. The sample sintered at 520℃ exhibited an amorphous composite structure comprising solid-solution phases (body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) phases). When the as-milled amorphous HEA was consolidated at 1080℃, another fcc phase appeared and the amorphous phase disappeared. The sample sintered by SPS at 1080℃ exhibited a slightly higher melting temperature compared with those of the as-milled alloy and the bulk sample sintered at 520℃. The corrosion behaviors of the as-sintered samples were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements and immersion tests in seawater solution. The results showed that the HEA obtained by SPS at 1080℃ exhibited better corrosion resistance than that obtained by SPS at 520℃.     

Understanding atomic-scale phase separation of liquid Fe-Cu alloy

Using liquid Fe 60 Cu 40 alloy as a model, the structure of liquid Fe-Cu alloy systems is investigated in the temperature range 1200 2200 K, covering a large metastable undercooled regime, to understand the phase separation of liquid Fe-Cu alloys on the atomic scale. The total pair distribution functions (PDFs) indicate that liquid Fe 60 Cu 40 alloy is ordered in the short range and disordered in the long range. If the atom types are ignored, the total atom number densities and PDFs demonstrate that the atoms are distributed homogenously in the liquid alloy. However, the segregation of Fe and Cu atoms is very obvious with decreasing temperature. The partial PDFs and coordination numbers show that the Cu and Fe atoms are not apt to get together on the atomic scale at low temperatures; this will lead to large fluctuations and phase separation in liquid Fe-Cu alloy.     

Calculation of the self-formation driving force for composite microstructure in liquid immiscible alloy system

Using Becker's method, we calculate the interfacial energy between two liquid phases in an immiscible system. Based on the Gibbs-Thomson equation, the force acting on the droplet towards the thermal center can be obtained by integrating the interfacial energy between the droplet and matrix liquid phase, which is related to both the radius of a droplet and the temperature gradient. In addition, the forces of gravitation and buoyancy also act on the droplet. The calculated results indicate that the resultant for these forces together mainly decides the microstructure morphology of the solidified alloy. The calculated results are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results.     

机械合金化的研究进展

机械合金化(MA),作为制备合金粉末的一种高新技术,使过去用传统熔炼工艺难以实现的某些物质的合金化和远离热力学平衡的准稳态、非平衡态及新物质的合成成为可能.MA技术引起了材料科学界的广泛关注.综述了近年来机械合金化在理论模型和固态反应方面的研究情况,详细介绍了MA技术在制备弥散强化合金、金属间化合物、功能材料和亚稳材料(包括非晶、准晶、过饱和固溶体、纳米晶等)中的应用进展,展望了机械合金化的发展趋势.     

Ti-Al系粉末机械合金化的热力学分析

参考Miedema半经验理论 ,建立了Ti -Al系机械合金化 (MA)过程的热力学模型 ,计算了合金呈有序金属间化合物、无序固溶体和非晶态的形成自由能。对Ti50 Al50 不同球磨时间MA粉末的X射线衍射 (XRD)结果进行了分析 ,验证了该热力学模型的正确性     

Dependence of mechanical behavior on grain size of metastable Ti–Nb–O titanium alloy

Cold-rolled metastable β-type Ti–38Nb-0.2O alloy was subjected to annealing treatment to obtain different precipitates and grain sizes. The influence of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The alloy annealed at 673 ?K or 773 ?K exhibited a single-stage yielding with high strength and low uniform elongation, due to the residual work hardening and the precipitation of ω or α phases. The alloy annealed at above 873 ?K exhibited an obvious double yielding behavior resulting from the stress-induced martensitic transformation. The grain growth kinetics of single β phase alloy is sensitive to temperature, and it is suggested that the existence of oxygen decreases the grain growth exponent and increases the required activation energy for grain growth. The critical stress for slip decreased monotonously with the increase of grain size, following the classic Hall-Petch relationship. However, the critical stress for martensitic transformation decreased to a minimum and then increased again, as the grain size increased. The results are worth for design of the heat-treatment parameters of the Ti–38Nb-0.2O alloy for engineering applications.     

MgO—MgCl2—H2O体系的凝固过程

用X射线衍射和差热分析方法研究MgO、MgCl_2与H_2O的凝结物,摩尔比分别为5:1:13、3:1:11、5:1:11.39和3.75:1:12.25四种配凝体系,在不同凝结时间内的相组成与相含量。两种实验方法的结果表明:不同配比时其凝固过程的相组成不同;5Mg(OH)_2MgCl_28H_2O晶相可以是稳态,也可以是亚稳态,这与配凝体系中有无胶凝物质或其他物质的存在有关。他是强度的主要相。     

Core-shell microstructure formed in the ternary Fe-Co-Cu peritectic alloy droplet

The metastable liquid phase separation occurs in the ternary Cu₅₀Fe_37.5Co_12.5 peritectic alloy droplets during free fall. The separated alloy melt rapidly solidifies and evolves core-shell microstructure composed of L₁(Cu) and L₂(Fe,Co) phases. Based on the determination of the phase transition temperature, the core-shell microstructure evolution, the interfacial energy, the temperature gradient and the Marangoni migration are analyzed. The interfacial energy of the separated liquid phase increases with the decrease of the temperature. The temperature gradient changes from large to small along the radius direction from inside to outside in the alloy droplet. The Marangoni force (F _M) acting on the micro-droplet of L₂(Fe,Co) phase increases with the increase of the size of the L₂(Fe,Co) phase, and decreases with the increase of undercooling. Driven by F _M, the micro-droplet of L₂(Fe,Co) phase migrates from outside to inside in the alloy droplet, collides and coagulates each other during migration, and then forms different types of core-shell microstructures. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50121101, 50395105) and NPU Youth Scientific and Technological Innovation Foundation (Grant No. W016223)     

Phase transformation kinetics in metastable titanium alloys

We investigated the phase transformation sequence,kinetics,and microstructural evolutions during heating,isothermal treatment,and continuous cooling of the metastable Ti–B19 alloy.On the basis of these results,we summarized the phase transformation characteristics of this kind of alloys,especially the metastable b-Ti alloy.We also analyzed and discussed the possibility of describing the size,morphology,and distribution of precipitates as well as the possibility of and complications in establishing relationships among the chemical composition,microstructure,processing parameters,and properties of the metastable Ti–B19 alloy.     

机械合金化Fe30Cu70二元体系的局域结构研究

利用XAFS和XRD技术,研究机械合金化方法制备的Fe30Cu70二元体系的局域环境结构随球磨时间的变化,当球料比为40：1时,球磨5h,XRD结果表明,bcc结果αFe相的衍射峰几乎消失,只有fcc结构Fe30Cu70合金相的衍射峰存在,随着球磨时间的增加,fcc结构Fe30Cu70合金相的晶格略有膨胀,且晶格参数逐渐增大,XAFS结果显示：在机械合金化过程中,Fe30Cu70样品的Fe原子的近邻结构与Cu原子的近邻结构有不同的变化规律,Cu原子周围的局域晶格结构受球影响不大,但Fe原子周围的局域晶格结构形变较大,其无序度随时间增加而明显增大,所以,机械球磨后形成的Fe30Cu70合金并不是组成均匀的过饱和固溶体,其中既有Cu原子浓度大于化学计量比的fcc结构Cu富集区,又有Fe原子浓度大于化学计量比的Fcc结构Fe的富集区。     

时效时间对Al-Cu-Mn铸造合金物相组织的影响

Al-Cu-Mn铝合金在固溶处理后的时效过程中,可能有GP区、θ″、θ'和θ相等4种脱溶物相、二次T相、晶界及晶界析出相等。这些析出物相由于尺寸、分布及与基体的共格关系不同,其强化机制和效果有所不同。本研究拟以时效时间为变化参数,研究其对Al-Cu-Mn合金强度和塑性的影响,在此基础上分析该合金微观物相结构对宏观性能的影响。     

钨合金力学行为的计算机数值模拟─—宏观力学性能

在微观力学行为分析的基础上，对90W合金宏观力学性能及其与微观结构因素（粘结相力学参数）之间的关系进行了计算机数值模拟研究．结果表明：钨合金性能与粘结相力学参数密切相关．随着粘结相弹性模量增加，合金的抗拉强度增加，但延伸率降低．当粘结相屈服强度800MPa时，合金抗拉强度随粘结相屈服强度增加而增大，在粘结相屈服度为800MPa时达到最大值．随粘结相抗拉强度增加，合金抗拉强度和延伸率均呈近似线性规律增加．合金延伸率对粘结相应变硬化模量极为敏感．     

Al-Cu-Fe-Zn系准晶的形成规律研究

本文通过快速冷凝方法制得了Al-Cu-Fe-Zn系合金粉末。这种快冷合金粉末在室温下为准晶相和晶态相共存结构,当把粉末加热到773K左右时,晶态相开始消失并且转变为准晶相,加热到1000K晶态相基本上完全转变为准晶相,继续升温准晶相又逐渐减少,晶态相重新产生和增加。本文对Al-Cu-Fe-Zn系快冷合金粉末的加热相变、准晶形成规律、准晶的成分范围进行了详细的研究。     

Microstructural evaluation and nanohardness of an AlCoCuCrFeNiTi high-entropy alloy

An AlCoCuCrFeNiTi high-entropy alloy(HEA) was prepared by mechanical alloying and sintering to study the effect of Ti addition to the widely studied AlCoCuCrFeNi system. The structural and microstructural characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The formation of four micrometric phases was detected: a Cu-rich phase with a face-centered cubic(fcc) structure, a body-centered cubic(bcc) solid solution with Cu-rich plate-like precipitates(fcc), an ordered bcc phase, and a tetragonal structure. The XRD patterns corroborate the presence of a mixture of bcc-, fcc-, and tetragonal-structured phases. The Vickers hardness of the alloy under study was more than twice that of the AlCoCuCrFeNi alloy. Nanoindentation tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical response of the individual phases to elucidate the relationship between chemical composition, crystal structure, and mechanical performance of the multiphase microstructure of the AlCoCuCrFeNiTi HEA.