城市不同下垫面湍流通量的观测和分析

利用榆中县2011年10月2-15日外场实验的湍流观测资料,结合天气背景,对比分析了城市同一区域内不同下垫面的动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量的差异特征.结果表明:草地下垫面和混凝土下垫面之间动量通量的差异较小;混凝土下垫面的感热通量整体大于草地下垫面,且在日间差异较大,差异的最大值达109.29 W/m2;草地下垫面的潜热通量在日间明显大于混凝土下垫面,差异的最大值达153.8 W/m2,夜间两下垫面潜热通量差异较小;CO2通量在排放源附近较大.     

不同人为干扰地表条件下湍流通量特征的研究

利用1993至1994年日本国家农业环境研究所与中国科学院沙漠研究所合作在内蒙古奈曼地区实测的8种下垫面（沙丘、草地、4种放牧强度的草原、玉米田、大豆田）的净辐射、土壤热通量、2个高度的温度、相对湿度和风速等微气象资料，分别采用Bowen比法和空气动力学方法计算了不同下垫面的感热通量和潜热通量，并将两种方法的计算结果作了比较.结果表明：采用空气动力学方法计算的感热通量与Bowen比法的计算结果相比有偏大趋势，且随稳定度参数Richardson数Ri的减小，两者的差增大.在植被较多的下垫面，两种方法计算的感热通量相关性较好.对于潜热通量，植被覆盖率越大的下垫面，空气动力学方法的计算结果偏小越多.     

夏季太湖表面辐射和能量通量特征观测分析

利用太湖表面2012年6~8月的辐射和湍流通量观测资料,分析了太湖夏季晴天辐射平衡和能量平衡各组分的日变化特征。结果表明:12012年夏季晴天太湖表面向下、向上短波辐射和向下、向上长波辐射日平均值分别为282.6、19.5、425.8、478.6 W/m2,反照率日平均值为0.05;2夏季晴天净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和热储项日平均值分别为210.3、3.8、121.8、5.7 W/m2;3夏季晴天感热通量白天为负最小值为-13.4 W/m2,夜间为正最大值为17.3 W/m2。潜热通量晴天白天最大值达到216.6 W/m2,是能量平衡分配的主导;与陆地下垫面不同的是,夜间潜热通量仍保持正值。热储项白天为正,夜间为负,约60%的能量以潜热的形式消耗。天气过程出现时,湖体稳定的正温层被打破,累积热储项急剧减少。     

半干旱地区草地与裸地水热通量的研究

沙尘暴的发生与土体缺乏草本、灌木有效保护和植被覆盖度低有关,定量地研究半干旱地区草地与裸地水热通量具有十分重要的意义。涡度相关技术是直接测定下垫面和大气之间水热通量的相对标准观测方法,利用其测量草地和裸地水热通量(潜热和显热通量),结果发现草地晴天白天的潜热明显大于显热,其最大值大约是显热的一倍;而裸地恰好相反,显热明显大于潜热,其最大值大约是潜热的一倍。草地阴天白天的潜热略大于显热;而裸地的显热仍明显大于潜热,其最大值大约是潜热的一倍以上;同时存在能量不闭合问题。草地发挥降温增湿等生态效应,对减少沙尘暴、维护生态平衡具有极其重要的作用。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘绿洲净辐射及其热量通量的变化研究

对古尔班通古特沙漠及其南缘绿洲间各观测点的热通量、波恩比和净辐射进行了分析。结果表明，从沙漠到绿洲，下垫面获得的净辐射热量中，感热通量和土壤热通量所的占比例逐渐减少，而潜热通量的比例逐渐递增，离沙漠越远潜热通量越大；在12：00-18：00，绿洲裸地上波恩比在2．0—8．9变化，而在沙漠边缘为10-11；早上和晚上沙漠的净辐射高于绿洲，白天近地面净辐射绿洲大于沙漠。     

亚热带红壤丘陵区非均匀地表能量通量的初步研究

在千烟洲站亚热带红壤丘陵区人工林生态系统,利用涡度相关技术研究了非均匀下垫面能量通量各个组成部分的日变化进程。本站能量平衡在冬季以感热通量为主,从春季开始树木进入生长季,以潜热通量为主。测站净辐射最高值冬季可达474.8W·m-2,春季达723.1W·m-2。感热通量在冬季最大值达278.68W·m-2,春季达305.02W·m-2。潜热通量在冬季最大值123.84W·m-2,春季最高达402.04W·m-2。土壤热通量一般最高值出现在午后15∶30,最低值则出现在清晨7∶00～8∶00。本站的能量平衡率一般在60%～98%。能量不闭合的原因初步认为有两个方面:①测定源的面积可能有误差;②忽略了水平对流产生的影响。从而提出了今后的研究重点。     

南沙海域大气湍流通量输送特征分析

利用１９９４年９月在南沙群岛的渚碧礁（１０°５２′Ｎ，１１４°０４′Ｅ）观测的湍流资料，采用涡旋相关法计算，给出了南沙海域的曳力系数、动量通量、感热通量和潜热通量，并与其它的海气相互作用实验及ＨＥＩＦＥ的结果作了比较。结果表明：该海域的曳力系数ＣＤ＝（１．５４±０．２４）×１０－３；大气向海洋输送的动量通量与水平风速的平方成正比；该海区无论白天还是晚上都是将其贮存的热量以潜热或感热的形式输送到大气中，其中潜热输送占主导地位；感热和潜热输送的日变化不如陆地上明显，感热输送的日均值远比陆地上的小，而潜热输送的日均值却比戈壁沙漠上的大得多，但与绿洲的相近     

城市水泥下垫面能量平衡特征的观测与分析

水泥下垫面是城市各种人为下垫面类型中占比重最大的一种,且具有典型的城市化特征,其热力性质明显有别于自然下垫面,是局地天气、气候变化的主要因素之一.利用2005.7与2006.3夏、冬两季,在南京进行的城市边界层外场试验通量观测资料,初步分析了水泥下垫面能量平衡方程中各项特性.结果表明:(1)夏、冬两季水泥下垫面净辐射通量(Rn)白天差异较大,通常有100 W/m2左右,但峰值差异却仅有10 W/m2;虽然夏季夜间地、气温度高于冬季,但夏季夜间水泥下垫面向外释放的净辐射通量小于冬季.(2)由于水泥下垫面的不透水性,潜热通量(LE)通常很小,感热通量(H)则成为水泥下垫面加热大气的最主要方式.夏、冬两季H在白天表现为量值差异;夜间表现为符号差异,即夏季夜间H通常为正值,表明下垫面仍在加热大气,而冬季夜间H为负值,表明下垫面对大气起冷却作用.该特征也是夏季夜间热岛强度明显强于冬季的主要成因.(3)储热项(△Qs)成为城市下垫面能量平衡方程中主要的源汇项,无论是冬季还是夏季,水泥下垫面△Qs在能量收支过程中所占份额明显大于(H LE);而自然下垫面通常是(H LE)大于△Qs,这正是城、乡下垫面热力性质最主要的差异.     

加热过程对热带气旋生成的数值试验

用Pielke等的中尺度两维原始方程数值模式研究海气相互作用和其它非绝热加热过程对热带气旋生成的作用。进行了7种数值试验,即:(1)只考虑无云情况下的辐射加热作用;(2)考虑辐射加热和不均匀的云量效应;(3)只考虑海气交界面上的潜热和感热通量;(4)大尺度凝结、对流调整、辐射和洋面上潜热感热输送;(5)积云对流凝结加热和云天辐射;(6)积云对流凝结加热和洋面上的潜热感热通量;和(7)积云对流凝结加热、洋面上的潜热、感热通量和云天辐射等全部加热过程。 结果表明:积云对流凝结加热对热带气旋的生成起最重要的作用,大尺度凝结加热和对流调整趋于使低压填塞,而洋面上的潜热、感热通量也起不可缺少的作用。     

利用MODIS数据估算晴空半干旱地表潜热通量

为研究我国半干旱区域地表潜热通量分布特征, 建立了一套不需要将地面气象观测数据作为输入而仅用卫星数据来估算晴空条件下半干旱地表潜热能量的方案。该方案设计了针对半干旱地表的净辐射通量参数化方法和土壤热通量估算模型, 利用S-SEBI模型计算蒸发比率, 根据能量平衡原理得到潜热通量。基于MODIS陆地和大气产品, 利用该方案进行潜热通量估算研究,并采用2003, 2004和2005年6?11月间退化草地和农田晴空数据进行验证。与地面站点观测数据对比结果表明该方案能有效计算地表潜热通量: 在退化草地和农田两个站点上, 该方案计算的地表潜热通量的均方根误差分别为60.4和64.6 W/m², 平均偏差分别为18.6和32.4 W/m²。     

Turbulent flux exchange characteristics of air-ice-sea above the Arctic Ocean during the polar day period

Chinese “Xue Long” breaker made its first voyage to the Arctic Ocean for scientific expedition from July to September, 1999. The tethersonde meteorological tower (TMT) sounding system was used to probe the temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed on different underlying surfaces above the Arctic Ocean. The probed data were used for calculating the roughness length z0, momentum flux M, drag coefficient CDD, sensible heat flux Hss, bulk transfer coefficient CHH for sensible heat, latent heat flux HLL, and bulk transfer coefficient CEE for latent heat of air-ice-sea on different underlying surfaces. They vary within the ranges of (0.2 ～ 1.0) mm, (1.14～9.19) ×10-2N/m2, (0.87～ 1.76) × 10-3,-(4.2～ 12.5) W/m2, (0.84～ 1.37) x 10-3,-6.6～ 23.6 W/m2 and (0.85 ～ 1.40) x 10-3, respectively. It shows that the drag coefficient is greater than the latent heat transfer coefficient, and again the latent heat transfer coefficient is larger than the sensible heat transfer coefficient. Besides, the fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat are apparently correlated to the mean wind speed and the mean potential temperature difference and mean specific humidity difference.     

Comparison of sensible and latent heat fluxes during the transition season over the western Tibetan Plateau from reanalysis datasets

The sensible and latent heat fluxes during the transition season over the western Tibetan Plateau from the NCEP-1 (NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1), AR-II (NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2) and ERA40 reanalysis datasets were compared and analyzed. The results show that the phase change in soil moisture has a significant effect on the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) due to the freezing–thawing processes during the transition from the dry to the wet period. The uncertainties in the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the western TP are quite high in the reanalysis data, and depend largely on the success of the soil moisture simulations in the models. Improving the hydrological process simulations in the land-surface models in seasonally frozen ground and in the active frozen soil layer may be an effective way of enhancing the reliability of the surface heat fluxes from the reanalysis data over the Tibetan Plateau.     

半干旱区近地层动量热通量计算

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站2006年12月-2007年2月铁塔观测所得的7层风、温、湿资料,采用梯度法计算了摩擦速度、摩擦温度、湍流动量通量和感热通量,并将2007年2月的通量计算值与开路涡度协方差系统观测值进行比较.结果表明:动量通昔和感热通量与稳定度有密切关系.均随稳定度的增加而减小.动量通量和感热通量均有明显的日变化,中午时段最大,夜晚最小.动量通昔无论在何种稳定度条件下均是由上向下输送;感热通量白天均是由下向上输送,夜间均是由上向下输送.在冬季,动量通量和感热通量的月平均值都是在12月最小,在2月最大,且动量通量的月平均值远小于感热通量的.2月的动量通昔散布图斜率为1.096,相关系数R为0.761;感热通量散布图斜率为1.015,相关系数R为0.957.     

Seasonal transition and its boundary layer characteristics in Anduo area of Tibetan Plateau

Using the data, especially the GPS rawinsode data, observed in Anduo area of the Tibetan Plateau during the intensive observation period of GAME/Tibet in 1998, the transition from the dry to the rainy season along with their boundary layer characteristics is analyzed comprehensively. The result shows that the formation of the rainy season in Anduo area is related closely to the general atmospheric circulation. The westerly belt moving north and the southeast damp current are basic conditions for development of the rainy season in Anduo area. In the dry season, the air is drier, air temperature higher, and the atmospheric boundary layer is strongly developed to cause its maximum height to reach about 3550 m. Moreover the sensible heat flux is dominant, and the latent heat flux is small in the interaction of land-atmosphere energy exchange, and a reverse humidity phenomenon occurs frequently. In the rainy season, the air is damper, air temperature lower, and the ABL height, with maximum of only about 2300 m, is lower. And the sensible heat flux becomes much smaller, the latent heat flux much larger in the interaction of land-atmosphere energy exchange. The reverse humidity phenomenon disappears.     

Estimation of components of energy balance on drifting ice over Arctic Ocean

Estimation and simulation were carried out for the components of ice-surface energy balance and tur bulent exchange parameters using the flux-profile method and the sinple biosphere model version 2 (SiB2, hereinafter) respectively based on the measured results for the atmosphere in the near-ice-surface layer, which were observed by the First Arctic Scientific Expedition of China in August, 1999 at a joint ice-research station (75°02′N, 160°51′W) on the drifting ice of Arctic Ocean. Evidence suggests that during the melting period of drifting ice the sum of the ice-released sensible heat and effective melting-consumed heat is greater than the net ice-absorbed radiation on the surface, with the excess heat coming via heat conduction from the deep layers of the ice mass. The simulated net radiation is systematical lv 18% greater than the measured results, while the simulated sensible heat flux is systematically 3% lower than the measured ones; and the simulated ice-surface heat flux differs noticeably from its calculation. Hence, we see that al though the measured sequences are short, the simulations of net radiation and sensible heat fluxes by the SiB2 model are comparatively good, the simulation of other forms of fluxes still needs to be improved.     

Preliminary study on land surface characteristics over Huaihe River Basin

The analysis of the flux observation dada from the Huaihe River Basin Experiment (HUBEX) shows that, in semi-humid monsoon regions, latent heat flux is as important as sensible heat flux in most situations. Moreover, it can even dominate the sensible heat flux in cropland and paddy field. This is distinct from that for arid and semi-arid regions where the sensible heat flux is dominant. Under clear sky conditions, the soil temperatures in different vertical layers all exhibit certain diurnal variations, and the magnitude decreases with depth to less than 1°C at a depth of 60 cm. This depth is considered as the transition layer for the soil moisture variation. On the other hand, the vertical profile of soil water content varies with the soil texture and even weather conditions, and the layer with maximum soil water content can also be found in Jiangji station during June 1998.     

基于最大熵增原理的蒸发蒸腾量模型应用

为了检验和应用Wang和Bras基于最大熵增原理建立的蒸发蒸腾量模型,应用该模型计算实验站的实测数据来改进该模型。通过简述最大熵增原理和最大熵增的蒸发蒸腾量模型构建,用整理的实测数据重新验证最大熵增模型的可靠性和精度,并与Penman-Monteith公式计算对比。在给定净辐射条件下,运用最大熵增模型计算有植被地表的显热通量和潜热通量,与实测数据的变化趋势基本一致,显热通量符合较好;白天的潜热通量计算值偏大,夜间符合较好。对最大熵增模型的2个参数表面温度和表面比湿度分析表明:最大熵增模型计算显热通量和潜热通量的变化趋势主要取决于表面温度。