三种生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的GC/MS分析

选用棉籽油、煎炸废油和无患子油作为原料,通过酯交换反应制备三种不同生物柴油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析了三种生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯成分及其含量.分析表明:三种生物柴油主要由棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、油酸甲酯和硬脂酸甲酯组成,无患子油生物柴油含有较多的花生一烯酸甲酯和花生酸甲酯.研究共鉴定了13种脂肪酸甲酯,分析比较了三种生物柴油的所含甲酯的异同点,并提出了研究脂肪酸甲酯成分和含量对生物柴油理化性能指标影响的必要性.     

EGR对不同生物柴油/柴油掺混比下碳烟前驱体形成的影响

以生物柴油和柴油混合燃料为研究对象,采用AVL-Fire和Chemkin软件耦合,简化正庚烷-癸酸甲酯-9-癸烯酸甲酯燃烧反应机理作为燃烧化学反应动力学机理,构建了有3 299个组分和10 806个基元反应的生物柴油/柴油化学反应动力学模型,分析了EGR率和生物柴油/柴油掺混比对乙炔、苯、萘、菲和芘等碳烟前驱体生成规律的影响.结果表明:碳烟前驱体主要生成于预混燃烧阶段;随着曲轴转角的增加,碳烟前驱体生成量呈先升高后降低的趋势;随着生物柴油/柴油掺混比的增加,碳烟前驱体的初始生成时刻提前,生成量峰值和最终生成量都有所降低;随着EGR率的增加,生成量峰值时刻都有所滞后,乙炔生成量峰值降低,最终生成量逐渐升高,苯、萘、菲和芘最终生成量有所增加.     

小桐子油生物柴油的低温流动性的改进研究

 以小桐子油为原料采用碱催化酯交换法合成生物柴油,测定了其脂肪酸的分布、粘度、凝点和冷滤点等指标.着重研究了分别加入3种降凝剂和0号轻柴油对生物柴油低温流动性的影响,结果表明,降凝剂1、2和3都能改进小桐子油生物柴油的低温流动性,其中,降凝剂1对小桐子生物柴油低温流动性的改进效果最好.降凝剂1、2和3能较好地改善调和油B20的低温流动性.3种降凝剂会不同程度地增加小桐子油生物柴油和调合油B20的运动粘度.     

离子液体酸催化小球藻油脂转化生物柴油

以提取得到的小球藻(USTB--01)油脂为原料,采用离子液体酸([C4MIm]HSO4)为催化剂,研究了通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油的适宜条件,并采用气相色谱--质谱联用仪(GC--MS)对小球藻油脂及所制备的生物柴油的脂肪酸组成进行了分析测定.结果表明,研磨破碎藻细胞壁能显著提高索氏法提取藻脂的提取率,石油醚是最适宜的提取溶剂.提取得到的小球藻脂富含C16和C18脂肪酸.藻脂转化生物柴油的适宜条件是:醇油摩尔比为9∶1,催化剂用量占藻脂质量的8%,反应时间为6 h,反应温度为150℃.在此条件下,生物柴油的产率为64%.气质联用仪(GC--MS)分析表明该生物柴油主要成分为棕榈酸(C16:0)甲酯和不饱和的亚油酸(C18:2)甲酯,是可行的石化柴油替代品.     

生物柴油:地沟油新出路

正研究发现,有一类地沟油的分子是由14~18个碳链组成,而柴油分子大约由15个碳链组成,因此,将地沟油转化为生物柴油,成为众多科学家及科技企业研发的主攻方向地沟油转化技术新突破今年6月,中国农业科学院发布2014年度科技成果奖获奖名单。其中,中国农科院油料所等单位研发的生物柴油转化技术喜获年度科技成果奖一等奖。     

5种乌桕籽油主要脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

利用GC-MS分析5个不同产地乌桕籽油的主要脂肪酸成分为:癸二烯酸、十六烷酸(棕榈酸)、十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸)、十八碳三烯酸、十八碳单烯酸(油酸)和十八烷酸(硬脂酸).其中,大悟013、022样品不仅二十碳链以下直链脂肪酸含量高(烷酸含量分别高达80.52%和79.59%),且不含三烯酸类脂肪酸,说明这两个产地品种较合适用于生物柴油开发.     

磷酸钠在餐饮废油制备生物柴油中的应用

为减少制备负载型催化剂的繁复步骤,以磷酸钠做催化剂,采用酯交换法进行了利用餐饮废油制备生物柴油的研究.结果表明,在n(醇)∶n(油)=10∶1、催化剂加入量为油质量的3%、反应温度为70℃、反应时间为3h的条件下,其酸值可达到0.82mg/g,即酯化率为80.12%.气相色谱分析结果表明,制备的生物柴油以棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯和油酸甲酯等为主要成分,符合柴油替代品的要求.与硫酸铁作为催化剂制备生物柴油比较,磷酸钠具备用量低、反应时间短、酯化率高等优点.     

锦灯笼种子油超临界CO_2萃取及脂肪酸成分GC/MS分析

研究采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取锦灯笼种子油,经皂化和甲酯化,用GC-MS联用法分析和鉴定脂肪酸组成。结果表明,从锦灯笼种子油中共检出15种脂肪酸成分,主要是8-十八碳烯酸甲酯（58.40%）、软脂酸甲酯（20.29%）和硬脂酸甲酯（14.60%）。其中不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸的相对含量分别为60.88%和39.12%...     

单体酸混合物成分的GC-MS分析

研究了生产二聚酸时得到的副产品-单体酸的化学组成的GC—MS分析方法，样品首先用质量浓度为140g／L KOH—MeOH进行甲酯化，然后用GC—MS进行分析和鉴定，共鉴定出棕榈酸、肉豆蔻酸、10-甲基月桂酸、12-甲基十四烷酸、十八烯酸等13种物质，总脂肪酸的质量分数占76．71％，其中饱和酸占66．36％。不饱和酸占10.35％，其中直链酸占饱和脂肪酸的41．02％，支链酸即异构酸占饱和脂肪酸的58．98％。     

神府煤萃取物组成结构的特征分析

采用苯、甲醇、丙酮、等体积的CS2与丙酮的混合溶剂和四氢呋喃依次萃取神府煤,得到其萃取物E1～E5,并采用钌离子催化氧化法氧化各级萃取物,所得氧化产物经重氮甲烷酯化后再进行GC/MS分析,以产物组成结构的差异来推测各级萃取物组成结构的差异.结果表明,神府煤萃取物所得酯化产物的主要成分是烷酸甲酯和烷二酸二甲酯,推测其萃取物中含有大量的烷基芳烃和α, ω-二芳基烷烃;且随着溶剂极性的增强,其萃取物氧化后的酯化产物中,烷酸甲酯和烷二酸二甲酯的碳链长度呈一定的递增趋势,推测神府煤中长链烷基芳烃和α, ω-二芳基烷烃易溶于极性较强的溶剂;在氧化产物中还检测出19种甾烷酸甲酯、萜烷酸甲酯和霍烷酸甲酯,表明神府煤萃取物中含有与芳环相连的甾烷基、萜烷基和霍烷基结构.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with