长三角城市群区大气污染对气象要素及地表能量平衡的影响研究

利用2012年4-6月南京溧水野外观测站近地层微气象、地表辐射和通量交换数据,结合南京大学地球系统区域过程综合观测研究站(SORPES-NJU)的PM2.5质量浓度以及环境保护部发布的逐日API资料,使用聚类分析、合成分析和个例分析的方法,定量分析了南京地区不同大气污染程度下气象要素和地表能量平衡的响应特征.结果表明,观测期间南京地区污染天盛行偏南风,且风速较清洁天气低约30%.气溶胶白天对到达地面的太阳辐射的削弱作用大于对地面有效辐射的减弱作用,使得地面净辐射减小(日均值约46.3 W·m-2).气溶胶减弱感热通量、潜热通量,并影响二者在能量平衡中的比重.个例分析表明气溶胶通过减小白天地面净辐射,减弱地气系统能量,导致近地层气温降低(最大差值约1℃),湍流运动减弱,从而进一步抑制污染物的扩散,形成空气污染-地表能量收支-边界层结构间的正反馈过程.     

城市非均匀性对城市地表能量平衡和风温特性的影响

为了研究城市的非均匀性对城市气象特征的影响,根据南京市landsat卫星资料的建筑密度分布特征,将南京市不同区域的城市分成:商业型城市、高密度城市、低密度城市.利用天气预报模式(WRF)模式针对南京地区非均匀城市类型分布进行了1年的高分辨率模拟,研究了城市非均匀性对城市地表能量平衡和城市热岛等气象特征的影响.研究结果表明:城市地表能量平衡和城市热岛等气象特征对城市非均匀性比较敏感,城市非均匀性导致平均城市感热、净辐射、热岛强度、城市郊区风速差减弱,而潜热增加.考虑城市的非均匀性之后,地表能量平衡各项以及温度、湿度、风场在城市区域的分布更加复杂,空间分布的方差和极值明显增加.如非均匀城市使平均感热、热岛强度和城市风速衰减分别下降了9.3 W·m-2、0.18℃和0.14m·s-1,潜热增加11.2 W·m-2;但非均匀城市使热岛强度、风速衰减、净辐射的最大值增加了0.28℃、0.28m·s-1和5.7·m-2.城市对于风速的衰减,会导致低空急流带的强度变小、厚度变薄.     

中国土地利用和植被覆盖度变化对区域气候影响的数值模拟

基于3期土地利用和植被覆盖度资料、高分辨率的驱动场、马赛克的土地利用处理方式,采用区域气候天气研究与预报模式,设计两类试验研究中国土地利用和植被覆盖度变化对区域气候的影响.结果表明:在土地利用试验中,反照率、叶面积指数、发射率和低空云量等影响地表能量及分配,导致土地利用变化对夏季潜热、感热和2 m气温等陆面物理量的影响显著.由于城市地表的不透水性导致城市潜热明显减少,感热和气温增加.土地利用变化对冬季的影响比夏季弱,主要是反照率起作用,尤其是在积雪变化较大的区域.在植被覆盖度试验中,植被覆盖度与叶面积指数一致,后者直接影响植被蒸腾作用和夏季潜热,潜热的变化与植被覆盖度的变化具有较好的空间一致性,感热和气温基本上与潜热变化相反.土地利用和植被覆盖度变化通过改变垂直层温度,影响位势高度,引起风场的异常和降水的变化.     

城市不同下垫面湍流通量的观测和分析

利用榆中县2011年10月2-15日外场实验的湍流观测资料,结合天气背景,对比分析了城市同一区域内不同下垫面的动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量的差异特征.结果表明:草地下垫面和混凝土下垫面之间动量通量的差异较小;混凝土下垫面的感热通量整体大于草地下垫面,且在日间差异较大,差异的最大值达109.29 W/m2;草地下垫面的潜热通量在日间明显大于混凝土下垫面,差异的最大值达153.8 W/m2,夜间两下垫面潜热通量差异较小;CO2通量在排放源附近较大.     

不同人为干扰地表条件下湍流通量特征的研究

利用1993至1994年日本国家农业环境研究所与中国科学院沙漠研究所合作在内蒙古奈曼地区实测的8种下垫面（沙丘、草地、4种放牧强度的草原、玉米田、大豆田）的净辐射、土壤热通量、2个高度的温度、相对湿度和风速等微气象资料，分别采用Bowen比法和空气动力学方法计算了不同下垫面的感热通量和潜热通量，并将两种方法的计算结果作了比较.结果表明：采用空气动力学方法计算的感热通量与Bowen比法的计算结果相比有偏大趋势，且随稳定度参数Richardson数Ri的减小，两者的差增大.在植被较多的下垫面，两种方法计算的感热通量相关性较好.对于潜热通量，植被覆盖率越大的下垫面，空气动力学方法的计算结果偏小越多.     

人为热对上海市夏季气象要素的影响

利用能源消耗数据、人口密度数据及相关经济数据,估算出2015年上海夏季人为热大值区主要集中在市中心,市区人为热通量最大值约为122.6 W/m~2,将此估算的人为热耦合在中尺度模式单层冠层方案中,模拟了人为热对上海夏季气象因子的影响.结果表明,人为热的增加导致上海夏季感热增加约86.3 W/m~2,温度升高约1.4℃;边界层高度约上升60 m; 10 m风速约增大了0.5 m/s.人为热使城郊温度差异增加,热岛效应增强,形成低层辐合、高层辐散的大气结构,城郊对流得到发展.     

夏季太湖表面辐射和能量通量特征观测分析

利用太湖表面2012年6~8月的辐射和湍流通量观测资料,分析了太湖夏季晴天辐射平衡和能量平衡各组分的日变化特征。结果表明:12012年夏季晴天太湖表面向下、向上短波辐射和向下、向上长波辐射日平均值分别为282.6、19.5、425.8、478.6 W/m2,反照率日平均值为0.05;2夏季晴天净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和热储项日平均值分别为210.3、3.8、121.8、5.7 W/m2;3夏季晴天感热通量白天为负最小值为-13.4 W/m2,夜间为正最大值为17.3 W/m2。潜热通量晴天白天最大值达到216.6 W/m2,是能量平衡分配的主导;与陆地下垫面不同的是,夜间潜热通量仍保持正值。热储项白天为正,夜间为负,约60%的能量以潜热的形式消耗。天气过程出现时,湖体稳定的正温层被打破,累积热储项急剧减少。     

利用GRAPES-UCM模式对广州典型污染天气过程的数值模拟研究

利用城市冠层加强观测资料对GRAPES-UCM模式进行了多个例的模拟分析与效果检验,表明:城市冠层效应使城市平均气温升高1.2℃,感热通量增加163%,热岛效应增强近1.3℃;城区风速减小16%,而风速的脉动增大;GRAPES-UCM模式对城市地表温度、风速、向下短波辐射、向上长波辐射、感热通量等的模拟结果与实际观测更为接近.近地面静小风、稳定的近地面层结(逆温)及风向的辐合导致污染物的局地堆积,容易造成高PM2.5浓度与低能见度的灰霾天气;与台风外围下沉气流相联系的高温有利于高臭氧事件的发生.城市冠层模式的引入对GRAPES模式在城市下垫面的模拟效果有显著的提升作用,能更好模拟出不利于污染物扩散的气象条件.     

城市绿化灌溉对气象环境影响的模拟分析

城市绿地灌溉作为城市重要的水文过程,研究其对城市气象条件的影响有利于提高城市精细化预报并理解城市水循环过程。基于WRFV3. 7. 1模式,选取Noah/SLUCM陆面及城市冠层模型,以2010年夏季一次强烈的高温热浪天气过程作为天气背景,模拟分析了城市绿化灌溉对于中国东部重要城市南京的气象环境的影响。结果显示,绿地灌溉对城市地表能量平衡存在较大的影响。城市地区潜热最大增加45 W/m~2,地表温度最大减小0. 25℃。绿地灌溉对于城市地区边界层内的气温的有降低的作用,在边界层附近下降得最为明显,而边界层以上的温度则略有上升。对于日趋严重的热岛效应,城市绿地灌溉有减弱其强度的作用,在09:00时,可以将热岛强度最大减小0. 25℃。     

基于CLM模型的植被覆盖变化对黄土高原气温和降水的影响研究

黄土高原位于我国第二阶梯,地理环境复杂,生态环境脆弱。本文结合GIMMS/NDVI遥感数据与气象站点观测资料开展诊断分析研究,并将其与模型模拟试验相结合,通过这种方法来研究黄土高原地区植被覆盖与气温和降水之间的作用关系。研究结果表明,黄土高原地区的NDVI、气温和降水量均具有明显的季节变化特征;1982—2006年,区域滑动平均NDVI、气温和降水的线性变化斜率分别为5E-04/10a、0.061℃/10a和-0.492mm/10a;研究区域内NDVI与气温和降水的同期滑动平均相关系数分别为0.459和-0.23,且均存在较明显的空间差异。应用CLM陆面过程模型的模拟结果表明,植被覆盖增加后,植被覆盖发生变化地区的净短波辐射有所增加,净长波辐射有所减少,导致地表吸收净辐射有增加趋势;研究区域内的感热通量和潜热通量均有所增加,且潜热通量的增加更为明显,这可能对植被覆盖增加后气温的降低产生一定影响;研究区域内的土壤含水量和地表蒸散均呈增加变化,这可能导致降水增加。但是,植被覆盖增加对区域气温降低和降水增加的影响作用有限。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.