重型卡车主销后倾角的设计研究

重型卡车品种繁多,各类车型对前轮定位参数的要求各不相同,文章基于车辆结构参数和轮胎侧偏特性建立前轮转向回正后回正力矩数学模型,从理论上获得重型卡车前轮主销后倾角的计算公式,根据转向回正力矩与回正阻力矩平衡方程式,以某重型自卸车为例,计算其主销后倾角,按照国标GB/T6323.4的要求进行转向回正试验,验证了理论分析和设计计算的正确性,为后期重型卡车设计提供了理论参考.     

轿车前轮主销后倾角算法

前轮定位参数的确定是汽车悬架系统设计中的难题。为了从理论上获得轿车前轮主销后倾角计算公式,考虑结构参数、独立悬架性能要求以及轮胎侧偏特性,建立了轿车前悬架主销后倾角计算方法。以中国产某型轿车作为算例,对其前轮主销后倾角进行了计算。采用计算的主销后倾角值对该车做了高速回正性能试验,试验综合评价计分值为73.4,符合GB/T 6323.4-97的要求。结果表明,建立的轿车主销后倾角计算公式有一定的准确性及工程应用价值。     

汽车前轮定位及回正力矩和转向力的计算

为了正确设计汽车转向轮定位参数,分析了转向轮各定位参数的作用,提出了各定位参数使转向轮形成自动回正力矩和使转向盘需要转向力的计算方法及公式.以东风EQ140和EQ140-1型中型汽油货车为例,按国标设定的条件,定量地计算了各定位参数形成转向轮自动回正力矩和需要转向盘转向力的具体数值.计算结果表明:主销的后倾角γ与内倾角β是形成转向轮回正力矩和需要转向盘转向力的主要因素,而主销偏距c及其他参数对其影响不大;该型货车转向轮总回正力矩65.680N·m偏小,转向盘总转向力22.039N远小于国家标准规定的245N.研究认为:该型货车主销的后倾角γ和内倾角β设计保守偏小,空载时转向轮回正能力和转向盘手感不足.     

主销内倾设计计算方法

在研究转向轮回正力矩、回正阻力矩及其平衡计算的基础上，依据国标对汽车转向回正性能的规定，提出了主销内倾的设计计算方法，并给出了几种国产机型的验算结果。     

汽车主销偏移距和后倾距的变化规律

为了分析汽车在低速时的转向回正性能,采用图形变换的方法,研究了转向轮绕主销转动过程中主销偏移距和主销后倾距的变化规律。计算结果表明,在转向轮转角逐渐增大的过程中,主销偏移距变化不大;但是主销后倾距变化明显,外转向轮的主销后倾距逐渐减小,内转向轮的主销后倾距逐渐增大,这对汽车回正性能有明显影响。进行实车试验,试验结果支持上述理论分析,说明该分析方法的有效性。     

汽车主销偏移距和后倾距的变化规律研究

为了分析汽车在低速时的转向回正性能,采用图形变换的方法,研究了转向轮绕主销转动过程中主销偏移距和主销后倾距的变化规律。计算结果表明,在转向轮转向轮转角逐渐增大的过程中,主销偏移距变化不大,但是主销后倾距变化明显,外转向轮的主销后倾距逐渐减小,内转向轮的主销后倾距逐渐增大,这对汽车回正性能有明显影响。进行实车试验,试验结果支持上述理论分析,说明该分析方法的有效性。     

阿克曼转向误差对前驱车转向回正性的影响

为了解决某前驱电动车低速大转角转向回正性差的问题,考虑了载荷转移、定位参数等影响因素,并结合稳态侧偏纵滑联合工况,对具有人为阿克曼转向误差的前驱汽车进行低速转向研究。计算结果表明,汽车在接近极限位置以5 km/h稳态作圆周运动时,内前轮侧向力为-0. 2 k N,外前轮侧向力为2. 045 k N,内后轮侧向力为0. 408 k N,外后轮侧向力0. 278 k N,汽车存在极限位置运动倾向,当阿克曼转向误差率减少至20%时,该影响大大减小。可见,在保证较高速转向外前轮侧向力需求的同时尽量减小阿克曼转向误差可以避免低速转向不回正的现象,使得汽车转向更具可控性。     

基于转向几何的主销轴线角度和位置的解算

悬架几何布置未知的情况下,结合悬架K & C试验台的转向几何试验数据,对主销轴线位置和角度进行了分析和推导.根据四轮定位的原理,计算出主销内倾角和主销后倾角的初值;通过分析车轮转动时轮心相对于主销轴线的运动,推导出主销横向偏移距及主销纵向偏移距的算法;通过主销横向、纵向偏移距以及主销内倾角和主销后倾角,计算出内倾拖距和后倾拖距.     

基于Sobol法的车身抬高量的全局敏感性分析

为分析前轮转向时车轮中心主销拖距和车轮定位参数对车身抬高量的影响,建立了车身抬高量模型,并采用图形变换的方法进行求解,再应用改进的Sobol法对车身抬高量进行全局敏感性分析,比较了主销内倾角、主销后倾角、前轮外倾角、前轮前束角、车轮中心主销拖距对车身抬高量的贡献度。结果显示,车轮中心主销拖距、主销后倾角、主销内倾角对车身抬高量影响较大,其总效应指数分别达到0. 7323、0. 0270、0. 0219,说明车轮中心主销拖距是一个对车身抬高量影响较为明显的参数。     

汽车转向梯形机构的优化设计

本文提出设计汽车转向梯形的数学模型,模型中考虑了主销后倾角,车轮外倾角及主销内倾角在转向时的作用.计算结果表明,优化后的机构参数更为合理.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.