Kriging模型与优化算法在汽车乘员约束系统仿真优化中的应用研究

汽车乘员约束系统的优化涉及到安全带、安全气囊等部件的众多参数.首先采用一阶线性响应表面模型、正交实验设计方法进行参数筛选.然后构造Kriging代理模型来代替计算机仿真,并结合两种不同的优化算法来进行乘员约束系统参数的优化设计.结果表明:该方法对汽车乘员约束系统参数优化具有明显效果,可行方向法在该优化中优于多目标遗传算法.     

基于代理模型的汽车乘员约束系统性能优化

针对汽车碰撞乘员约束系统优化设计中多参数和非线性问题,提出了基于径向基函数代理模型的优化设计方法,通过LS-DYNA分析软件建立正面碰撞乘员约束系统的仿真模型并对其进行验证.基于该模型选取对响应影响较大的设计变量作为优化变量,在LS-OPT中选择径向基函数构建代理模型,采用空间填充试验方法进行试验设计,运用自适应模拟退火算法进行优化求解.优化结果表明:人体综合损伤WIC值相比初始设计值降低了28.2%,实现了对设计目标的优化.     

基于独立碰撞工况的儿童约束系统参数优化

为实现获得专利的集成式儿童安全座椅在碰撞事故中对乘员的最佳保护,以6岁儿童乘员为研究对象,采用经验证的约束系统模型,在正碰、侧碰和追尾等3种汽车碰撞工况下,分别结合拉丁超立方、正交、均匀试验设计方案和多项式响应面代理模型的方法,对座椅高度和座垫深度等设计参数进行碰撞仿真分析和优化设计.仿真试验结果表明,优化后约束系统儿童乘员损伤值在3种独立的碰撞工况下均有显著下降.     

分数阶黏弹性振子系统响应的代理模型分析

粘弹性缓冲系统由于其具有较高的振动耗散能力,已被广泛应用于车辆阻尼减振。针对分数阶模型描述粘弹性缓冲系统力学特性时存在的复杂度高、难以直接进行参数优化等问题,引入代理模型减少优化时的计算复杂度。首先,通过分数阶建模给出一种用于阻尼减振的分数阶粘弹性缓冲系统。其次,依据分数阶导数算子定义间的关系推导出分数阶微分算子的一种差分格式,用于求解该系统的数值响应,并对系统参数灵敏度进行分析;最后,选用灵敏度较高的系统参数作为优化变量,选用Kriging模型和二次响应面模型对系统的响应函数进行代理。结果表明：相对于Kriging模型,二次响应面代理模型能够在较少样本点时达到较高的精度。该研究可为分数阶粘弹性振子系统响应分析及工程设计提供理论参考。     

基于Kriging法的铁道车辆客室结构优化

为解决铁道车辆客室空间尺寸和内部部件接触刚度优化配置问题,实现客室结构多目标多参数优化设计,以座椅-桌子结构和座椅-座椅结构2种模型为例,基于Kriging算法构造了目标参数(乘员头部性能指标CHI15,CHI36和胸部性能指标CT3ms)关于设计变量(小桌高度h、小桌与座椅距离l1、座椅间距l2、桌子接触刚度k1和座椅接触刚度k2)的代理模型,分别得到目标参数随设计参数变化的响应曲面,并采用遗传算法对建立的目标参数代理模型进行整体寻优,得到2种结构模型的最优参数配置。分析结果表明:各代理模型的遗传算法寻优结果与数值计算的模拟结果吻合较好,误差范围为-5.94%~2.23%,说明基于Kriging代理模型和遗传算法的优化结果是可靠的。研究结果可用于指导铁道车辆客室结构的布置。     

考虑多种工况的乘员约束系统可靠性优化设计

在车辆发生碰撞时,乘员约束系统对乘员有重要的保护作用,而现有的相关研究大多只针对单一工况,应对乘员保护要求已有明显的局限性。为了提高乘员约束系统的保护功能,文章综合考虑了中国新车评价规程2种正面碰撞工况,结合试验设计、多种近似模型、多目标优化算法和可靠性优化方法,对乘员约束系统参数进行优化。在优化之前,对约束系统模型进行了实验验证;之后对约束系统参数进行了可靠性优化设计,并对优化结果进行MADYMO仿真验证。优化后的约束系统与原设计相比,明显提高了2种工况下的乘员保护功能,为乘员约束系统的设计提供了一定的参考。     

基于响应表面法的汽车侧面安全气囊仿真优化

为加强汽车安全气囊对侧面碰撞中的人体保护,对其进行优化匹配设计.针对传统的安全气囊设计方法存在的不足,引入PSM子结构方法和响应表面优化方法.首先利用PSM子结构方法建立了侧面碰撞安全气囊的优化模型,然后通过一阶响应面筛选设计变量,最后利用二阶响应表面模型对安全气囊的设计参数进行了优化研究.优化结果表明,新的参数组合能够有效提高侧面安全气囊的保护效果,降低人体的损伤风险.     

基于正交试验的儿童安全座椅约束系统参数的优化设计

轿车内儿童乘员在正面碰撞中是最容易受伤的群体。儿童乘员约束系统的优化对于保护儿童有重要意义。在正交试验设计原理的指导下,利用MADYMO软件,按照美国FMVSS 213和欧洲ECE R44法规要求进行模拟仿真。对单因素进行分析,再通过正交试验的方法进行优化,得到了最佳的优化方案。实现了对该儿童乘员约束系统较全面可靠的评价。     

基于Kriging模型的挡风墙优化设计

将基于Kriging模型的近似技术引入到挡风墙的优化设计,其关键步骤为:采用最优拉丁超立方试验设计,选取均匀、随机和正交的参数试验样本点,用初始样本点的目标值建立Kriging近似模型,结合优化算法,得到最优参数;在挡风墙的优化设计中,选取路堤和挡风墙为设计变量,倾覆力矩为目标值,建立Kriging模型,应用序列二次规划算法,得到不同路堤下的最优挡风墙高度.研究结果表明:本文方法在挡风墙的优化设计中是高效、可行的,并得到了不同路堤高度下,最合理的挡风墙高度;路堤高度越高,倾覆力矩对挡风墙高度变化的灵敏度越高,最优挡风墙的高度越小.     

采用响应面法的轿车驾驶员座椅的模态优化

建立某轿车驾驶员座椅结构的有限元模型,并分析模型的模态特性。针对座椅Y向横摆模态频率低于目标值的问题,为保证优化过程不增加座椅总质量,将参数化后的座椅有限元模型基于响应面法进行模态优化。采用板件模态灵敏度分析的方法,选取对座椅模态和质量影响较大的钣金件厚度作为设计变量,通过拉丁超立方实验设计采集样本点,构造Kriging响应面模型并检验响应面的精度。以座椅的Y向横摆模态频率最大化为目标,总质量为约束,结合遗传算法对响应面模型进行优化计算,得到座椅模态优化的最优方案。优化后座椅的Y向横摆模态频率由22.69 Hz提高到24.60 Hz,同时质量降低了5.2%(0.891 kg),从而实现了座椅的模态优化和轻量化,且验证了所提出的优化方法的有效性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.