No介导的不同光信号对玉米胚芽鞘生长的影响

在不同光信号下,用NO供体（SNP）、ROS清除剂（NAC）、氮合酶（NOS）专一抑制剂（LNNA）处理露白的玉米种子,探讨玉米胚芽鞘生长与NO信号分子间的关系．结果表明：胚芽鞘中存在类NOS活性,并受外源NO和ROS的反馈抑制;尽管外源NO对胚芽鞘的生长有一定的促进作用,但与类NOS活性共同消长的内源NO明显地阻抑胚芽鞘生长．由于黑暗是胚芽鞘适宜的生长环境,所以与黑暗相比较,增强UV-B辐射抑制类NOS活性和内源NO的产生,促进胚芽鞘的生长;正常光周期激活类NOS活性和内源NO的产生,减少胚芽鞘的生长．SNP,NAC和LNNA通过各种不同的机制抑制了NOS活性和内源NO的产生,胚芽鞘的生长就被促进,因此,不同光信号对玉米胚芽鞘生长的影响是通过内源NO信号分子实现的．     

紫外线-B增强下SNP、AsA对铜绿微囊藻保护作用

在UV-B辐射下,培养群体和单细胞的铜绿微囊藻,研究了外源的SNP(硝普钠,NO供体)、AsA(抗坏血酸)对铜绿微囊藻可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化保护酶活性的影响.实验结果表明:随着UV-B辐射的增强,群体和单细胞微囊藻的可溶性蛋白质含量先上升后下降,POD(过氧化物酶)、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性也呈现先上升后下降趋势.在经过2 h照射后,抗氧化酶的活性都大于对照所发生的变化,而群体的抗氧化酶始终保持着比单细胞更高的活性,这说明群体比单细胞更能耐受UV-B胁迫.同时SNP处理组所测得的数据均比对照组和AsA处理组大,这说明SNP能更好地协助铜绿微囊藻耐受UV-B辐射.     

UV-B辐射增强对浮萍过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响

试验通过测定在不同光照强度的紫外光照射后,浮萍的过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性的大小来探究一下UV-B辐射增强对浮萍过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶可能产生的影响.实验设置5个辐射强度,结果表明:在辐射梯度范围内,过氧化氢酶符合低促高抑效应;短时间UV-B辐射处理使过氧化物酶(POD)活性减弱,而较长时间紫外辐射处理后POD活性有所增加,并在辐射处理20h后达到一个峰值,这可认为是浮萍适应UV-B辐射胁迫的一种策略行为,最长辐射时间处理后过氧化物酶活性又明显降低.     

紫外胁迫下NO对地木耳生理生化的影响

研究在紫外线B(UV-B,0.2 W/m2)辐射增强的情况下,硝普钠(SNP,一氧化氮供体)对地木耳的生长、抗氧化酶活性、蛋白质、色素和多糖含量的变化的影响.实验结果表明:UV-B辐射增强下,加入NO,能够提高藻类的生长速率,刺激过氧化氢酶(SOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(CAD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升,提高蛋白质含量、叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量、多糖含量.     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)及一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP)对干旱胁迫下金荞麦幼苗生理特性的影响

采用20%的聚乙二醇对金荞麦幼苗进行干旱胁迫处理,并通过添加不同体积质量分数的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)及一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP),研究外源ALA和外源NO处理对干旱胁迫下金荞麦幼苗叶片的叶绿素质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数、丙二醛(MDA)质量分数以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理指标的影响.结果显示PEG-6000(20%)胁迫下的金荞麦幼苗生长受到显著抑制,但是经过不同体积质量分数的ALA或SNP处理后,均提高了幼苗可溶性蛋白的质量分数,降低了叶片的MDA质量分数和可溶性糖质量分数,显著地提高了SOD,POD和CAT 3种酶的活性和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、叶绿素a/b的水平.50mg/L的ALA处理后SOD的活性达到最大值(0.039U/(mg·min));75mg/L的ALA处理后POD的活性达到最大值(2.359U/(mg·min));0.10mmol/L的SNP处理后CAT的活性达到最大值(0.052U/(mg·min)).然而,75mg/L的ALA比50mg/L的ALA处理后,金荞麦幼苗叶片的MDA质量分数少.因此,适宜体积质量分数的ALA和SNP能够有效地减缓干旱胁迫对金荞麦幼苗产生的伤害,提高幼苗的抗干旱能力.     

UV-B和Cd胁迫对大豆细胞壁降解酶活性的影响

镉(Cd)污染、紫外(UV-B)辐射增强及2者复合胁迫对大豆(Glycine max)生长及根、叶片中果胶酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)活性影响的研究表明,Cd、UV-B单独还是复合胁迫对大豆株高及地上部干、鲜重都有明显的抑制作用;UV-B胁迫明显抑制根的伸长生长,复合胁迫对大豆根生长略有促进作用,但降低地下部干鲜重。Cd连续处理6d明显抑制叶片中PG和Cx活性,UV-B及复合处理6 d降低叶片中Cx活性;复合处理3 d根系中PG和Cx活性呈现增高趋势,但UV-B和Cd单独处理未引起酶活性的显著改变。结果表明Cd、UV-B辐射增强及复合胁迫对细胞壁酶活性的影响与植物生长密切相关。     

水杨酸对UV-B胁迫下黄瓜荧光特性和抗氧化力的影响

研究了增强UV-B胁迫条件下外源水杨酸(SA)对黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明:外源水杨酸(SA)有效促进了在增强UV-B胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶绿素的合成,降低了黄瓜叶片的初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),提高了PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递效率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP);同时还通过提高抗氧化系统中POD和CAT抗氧化酶活性,有效保护了光合机构免受增强UV-B胁迫的伤害,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)得以快速恢复.外源水杨酸(SA)的施用可以减轻增强UV-B辐射对黄瓜叶片光合机构的胁迫伤害.     

不同氮素水平对铁皮石斛UV-B辐射缓解作用研究

研究了高、中、低3种氮素营养水平(2.208 4,0.552 1和0.138 0g/L)对UV-B辐射(5.1,15.6μW/cm~2)下铁皮石斛的光合色素、类黄酮质量分数、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL酶)活性及主要药用成分总多糖质量分数的动态变化情况,探讨了缓解铁皮石斛UV-B辐射伤害的适宜氮素营养条件.结果表明:低氮素营养条件下,铁皮石斛光合色素质量分数较低,但PAL酶活性强、类黄酮及多糖质量分数明显高,其类黄酮质量分数变化与PAL酶活性变化存在明显的正相关性.分析表明,低氮素营养条件虽然不利于铁皮石斛光合色素的形成,但促进类黄酮及药用成分多糖的积累,有助于缓解UV-B辐射带来的损伤.     

硅对盐胁迫下金丝小枣3种抗氧化酶的影响

以1年生金丝小枣嫁接苗为试材,研究硅对盆栽苗在盐胁迫下谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响.结果表明:在盐浓度(NaCl质量分数)小于0.4%时,SOD和GSH-Px的活性随着土壤含盐量的增加而增加,POD活性在NaCl质量分数为0.25%的盐胁迫下升高,在NaCl质量分数为0.4%的盐胁迫时下降;盐胁迫下加硅可以显著提高金丝小枣SOD、POD和GSH-Px的活性且差异显著.笔者认为盐胁迫下给土壤施硅可以缓解盐分对金丝小枣的毒害作用.     

牛皮杜鹃内源茉莉酸对UV-B辐射响应机制研究

UV-B辐射是高山植物生长发育和代谢的重要影响因素.茉莉酸作为一种内源信号分子对UV-B辐射、低温、干旱、病虫害等胁迫具有广泛的响应.本实验选用牛皮杜鹃幼苗为材料,PAR辐射48 h为作为对照组,UV-B辐射48 h作为实验组,将实验组与对照组高山牛皮杜鹃的转录组测序结果进行对比分析.结果表明,差异基因主要富集到植物病原相互作用,淀粉和蔗糖代谢,MAPK信号通路、植物激素信号转导通路中,其中45个茉莉酸相关基因富集在JAZ通路和p80 MAPK通路中.初步证明牛皮杜鹃内源茉莉酸通过JAZ通路和p80 MAPK通路来响应UV-B辐射,为进一步阐述茉莉酸抗UV-B辐射机制提供了理论基础.     

田间条件下UV-B辐射增强对大豆叶片相关反射光谱指标的影响

本实验在室外大田条件下,模拟紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射增强条件,研究了两种不同辐射剂量对花期大豆叶片相关反射光谱指标的影响。结果发现,两种剂量的UV-B辐射处理导致叶绿素相对含量、光化学植被指数(PRI)和叶片相对水含量均显著降低,但未见剂量效应;导致花青素相对含量显著升高,且存在剂量效应;高剂量的UV-B处理导致类胡萝卜素相对含量显著升高,而低剂量UV-B处理下未见显著影响;对植物衰老反射指数(PSRI)则均无显著影响。实验表明不同剂量的UV-B辐射能诱导紫外防护色素花青素含量和类胡萝卜素含量增加,但均显著抑制了大豆叶片的叶绿素相对含量、PRI和叶片含水量,最终使得光合作用受到抑制。     

Elevated UV-B radiation reduces genome stability in plants

Long-term depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer contributes to an increase in terrestrial solar ultraviolet-B radiation. This has deleterious effects on living organisms, such as DNA damage. When exposed to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm), plants display a wide variety of physiological and morphological responses characterized as acclimation and adaptation. Here we show, using special sun simulators, that elevated solar UV-B doses increase the frequency of somatic homologous DNA rearrangements in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. Increases in recombination are accompanied by a strong induction of photolyase and Rad51 gene expression. These genes are putatively involved in major DNA repair pathways, photoreactivation and recombination repair. In mutant Arabidopsis plants that are deficient in photoreactivating ultraviolet-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, recombination under elevated UV-B regimes greatly exceeds wild-type levels. Our results show that homologous recombination repair pathways might be involved in eliminating UV-B-induced DNA lesions in plants. Thus, increases in terrestrial solar UV-B radiation as forecasted for the early 21st century may affect genome stability in plants.     

NO对新生大鼠心肌细胞PKC活性的影响

利用培养新生大鼠心肌细胞，检测NO前体L-精氨酸(L-arginine,L-Arg)和NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对PKC活性的影响，并探讨内、外源性NO在PKC激动剂佛波指(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,PMA)激活PKC中的作用.实验结果表明：培养基中加入L-Arg，PKC活性呈剂量依赖性降低；用L-Arg进行预处理，30 min后加入PMA，PKC活性明显降低，与单纯PMA组相比有显著差异；NOS抑制剂L-NAME本身对基础状态PKC活性无明显影响，但可阻断L-Arg对上述2个效应的影响；培养液中加入NO供体SNP，PKC活性呈剂量依赖性降低；用SNP预处理心肌细胞，5 min后加入PMA，PKC活性与单纯PMA组相比有显著性差异.以上结果表明，内、外源性NO均具有剂量依赖性抑制PKC活性的作用，PKC可能是NO对心肌细胞作用的胞内信号传导通路的关键部位或重要信号分子之一；L-Arg通过NOS先生成NO，NO再对PKC起抑制作用.     

Physiological and ultralstructural changes of Chlorella sp. induced by UV-B radiation

In order to investigate the mechanisms of enhanced UV-B radiation on algae, the effects of UV-B radiation on the physiological and ultrastructural changes of Chlorella sp. were examined. The results showed that UV-B radiation could inhibit the growth and photosynthesis of microalgae. UV-B radiation at lower doses increased the photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a (Chla) and carotenoid (Car)) contents, while at higher doses of UV-B radiation Chla and Car contents were decreased. The ultrastructure of Chlorella sp. without exposure to UV-B showed that the thylakoid lamellae were clear and regular, the stroma of its chloroplast was apparent and clear. The globules with photosynthetic pigments and the cristae of mitochondria were clearly seen. After exposure to UV-B radiation at dose of 2.88 kJm2, the thylakoid lamellae of Chlorella sp. were lost and dissolved, the globules which contained photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast were bleached; some mitochondria cristae were dissolved; slight plasmolysis was found in some Chlorella sp. cells. After exposure to 5.76 kJm2 UV-B radiation, the thylakoid was in disarray and disintegration, plasmolysis was found in most cells, and the cell wall was broken and began to fall out. Many blank areas were observed in cells, mitochondria were seriously deformed and most of the mitochondria cristae were dissolved. Also, globules containing photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast were bleached and some empty globules were found in chloroplast. Therefore, UV-B radiation could damage cell structure of Chlorella sp., and this damage increased with the dose of UV-B radiation they exposed to.     

Physiological and ultralstructural changes of Chlorella sp. induced by UV-B radiation

IncreasesinsolarUV Bradiation(280—315nm)reachingtheEarth’ssurfaceduetostrato sphericozonedepletionhaveraisedconcernsabout UV Bimpactonplants[1].Themarinephytoplank ton,whichisthebaseoftheaquaticfoodchain,is veryimportantonourplanetandproducesaboutthe samebiomassasallterrestrialplantstakentogether.Moreover,anychangestothesizeandcompositionof phytoplanktoncommunitieswilldirectlyaffectfood productionforhumansfrommarinesources.Another importantroleofmarinephytoplanktonisthatthe photosynthesis…     

紫外线(UV)-B辐射增强对植物影响的研究进展

紫外线—B辐射增强时生物和生态系统的影响是目前科学研究的热点之一，本文从植物的生理活动、蛋白质和DNA分子、防御反应等几个方面对植物受到紫外线—B辐射增强的影响进行了综述，并论述了在紫外线—B辐射下植物产生的一些防御反应。     

Arctic microorganisms respond more to elevated UV-B radiation than CO2

Surface ultraviolet-B radiation and atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased as a result of ozone depletion and burning of fossil fuels. The effects are likely to be most apparent in polar regions where ozone holes have developed and ecosystems are particularly sensitive to disturbance. Polar plant communities are dependent on nutrient cycling by soil microorganisms, which represent a significant and highly labile portion of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). It was thought that the soil microbial biomass was unlikely to be affected by exposure of their associated plant communities to increased UV-B. In contrast, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations were thought to have a strong effect as a result of greater below-ground C allocation. In addition, there is a growing belief that ozone depletion is of only minor environmental concern because the impacts of UV-B radiation on plant communities are often very subtle. Here we show that 5 years of exposure of a subarctic heath to enhanced UV-B radiation both alone and in combination with elevated CO2 resulted in significant changes in the C:N ratio and in the bacterial community structure of the soil microbial biomass.     

Complex causes of amphibian population declines

Amphibian populations have suffered widespread declines and extinctions in recent decades. Although climatic changes, increased exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and increased prevalence of disease have all been implicated at particular localities, the importance of global environmental change remains unclear. Here we report that pathogen outbreaks in amphibian populations in the western USA are linked to climate-induced changes in UV-B exposure. Using long-term observational data and a field experiment, we examine patterns among interannual variability in precipitation, UV-B exposure and infection by a pathogenic oomycete, Saprolegnia ferax. Our findings indicate that climate-induced reductions in water depth at oviposition sites have caused high mortality of embryos by increasing their exposure to UV-B radiation and, consequently, their vulnerability to infection. Precipitation, and thus water depth/UV-B exposure, is strongly linked to El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation cycles, underscoring the role of large-scale climatic patterns involving the tropical Pacific. Elevated sea-surface temperatures in this region since the mid-1970s, which have affected the climate over much of the world, could be the precursor for pathogen-mediated amphibian declines in many regions.     

UV-B辐射对极地雪藻Chlamydomonas nivalis的生物学效应

采用不同剂量的UV—B辐射极地雪藻，测定了致死率、色素含量、蛋白质和总脂含量以及自由基清除活性的变化．结果表明，UV—B辐射对极地雪藻具有一定的致死效应，UV-B辐射后雪藻细胞的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量增加，虾青素含量也显著提高．UV—B辐射后，极地雪藻基本生化成分的含量发生了较为明显的变化：蛋白质含量随辐射时间的延长而逐渐降低，总脂含量则逐步增加．经UV—B辐射培养以后，极地雪藻在有机溶剂系统中的自由基清除活性有所提高．