级配碎石基层沥青路面合理沥青层厚度

为得到适用于级配碎石基层沥青路面的合理沥青层厚度,当级配碎石基层厚度为20cm时,利用BISAR 3.0程序计算不同沥青层厚度(4~36cm)路表和面层底部应变、路基顶面压应变、沥青面层和级配碎石基层内不同深度剪应力,进一步根据不同结构层的应力应变疲劳极限确定不同沥青层厚度级配碎石基层沥青路面结构疲劳开裂、永久变形和车辙的病害状况,根据路面结构使用性能和耐久性实现沥青层厚度的优选。为验证薄沥青层级配碎石基层路面结构力学响应和长期使用性能,采用足尺路面加速加载试验(APT),对5cm沥青层厚度路面结构的力学响应、长期使用性能及病害特征进行验证。结果表明:当级配碎石基层厚度为20cm时,沥青层不宜过薄,沥青层厚度h15cm时易产生过大的路表永久变形和自上而下的疲劳开裂;沥青层厚度为5~18cm时,存在较大的面层层底拉应变、路基顶面压应变、沥青面层和级配碎石基层最大剪应力的不利受力组合;沥青层厚度h1≥34cm时,可满足长寿命沥青路面的使用要求;若条件受限时,宜保证沥青层厚度h1≥18cm;由APT试验结果可知,沥青层厚度为5cm时,沥青层层底拉应变计算结果、路面结构剪应力计算结果与试验路实际使用状况基本符合,路面结构主要病害为车辙和永久变形,疲劳开裂并不明显,但路基顶面压应力计算值偏小,该值不宜作为路面结构设计依据。     

级配碎石基层非线性对沥青路面结构受力的影响

目的基于级配碎石基层材料的非线性特征,研究级配碎石上基层沥青路面结构力学响应规律,进而为该种路面结构设计提供理论依据.方法通过ABAQUS有限元软件的二次开发,运用Fortran语言对级配碎石非线性本构模型进行编译,建立级配碎石上基层沥青路面结构的有限元模型.结果随级配碎石层和面层厚度的增加,级配碎石非线性沥青路面结构各结构层所受层底拉应力较级配碎石线弹性沥青路面结构都有所增加,路表弯沉变化不大.推荐在中等级交通下的面层厚度为7~15 cm,级配碎石层厚度为10~15 cm.结论应用该种路面结构时,考虑到级配碎石层非线性对该路面结构受力产生的不利影响,必须确定合理的级配碎石层和面层厚度.     

多年冻土地区沥青路面结构响应分析

采用ABAQUS软件进行了多年冻土地区不同沥青路面结构响应分析.分析结果表明,路基融沉深度决定了路面位移的大小,路面结构形式对路面位移影响不大,而路面基层底部拉应力主要受路面结构形式影响.随着融沉深度增加,路面位移显著增加.级配碎石基层路面层底拉应力最小,沥青稳定基层路面层底拉应力与其相当,而半刚性基层路面层底拉应力最大.考虑到级配碎石基层的强透水性、低抵抗重载交通能力等缺点,提出沥青稳定基层更适合于多年冻土地区.     

设置过渡层的半刚性基层沥青路面的合理结构

针对半刚性基层在沥青路面使用过程引起的裂缝破坏,使其在高等级公路中的适用性受到质疑的问题,通过设置级配碎石和沥青碎石过渡层使半刚性基层的层位实现向下放置,实现了改善半刚性基层受力和减少裂缝的目的。采用ANSYS计算设置不同厚度的级配碎石和沥青碎石过渡层,分析路面结构在荷载作用下基层厚度变化时轮隙中心的受力情况,以考察适宜的半刚性基层层位和厚度。力学分析结果表明：采用厚度为12～15cm的级配碎石层和厚度为25～35cm的半刚性基层、或设置厚度为10～15cm的沥青碎石层和厚度为20～30cm的半刚性基层这两种结构,完全可以满足控制路面结构开裂的指标要求;能减少路面结构出现裂缝,延长沥青路面的结构寿命。     

宕渣土路基上路面结构的受力特性研究

为了证明宕渣土的优良性能,文章基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了现场96区模型,并结合现场96区段内2个实测点的承载板弯沉试验,反演出了宕渣土基层顶面当量回弹模量。在此基础上通过三维双圆荷载计算模型对结构层底的拉应力和沥青路面的弯沉值进行了分析。结果表明,即使将5％水泥稳定碎石结构层的厚度减少9 cm ,采用宕渣土路基的路面结构仍要优于采用34 cm厚5％水泥稳定碎石层的设计路面。     

沥青路面结构永久变形环道试验研究

为了分析厚沥青层的柔性基层和半刚性基层沥青路面在轮载作用下各结构层永久变形发生发展的规律,通过在50～60 ℃高温下进行的室内大型足尺环道路面加速加载试验,测试了不同轮载作用次数下沥青路面各结构层的永久变形.环道试验测定结果表明:对于本试验三种沥青层厚度超过20 cm的沥青路面结构,土基对车辙的影响很小,级配碎石柔性基层和水泥稳定碎石半刚性基层对车辙的影响也很小,路面永久变形主要发生在20 cm深度范围的沥青层内.     

低水泥剂量稳定级配碎石基层典型结构分析

目的找寻适应不同交通等级的合理的低水泥剂量基层沥青路面结构.方法拟定低水泥剂量级配碎石基层沥青路面结构,利用有限元软件计算以低水泥剂量稳定级配碎石取代半刚性基层后对弯沉、沥青层底拉应力等设计指标的影响,并结合交通荷载分析各结构层厚度组合合理性.结果轻交通等级下,推荐使用5 cm普通沥青混凝土面层+22 cm水泥质量分数为3%的低水泥剂量稳定级配碎石单基层;中交通等级下,推荐采用上基层厚度大于15 cm的水泥质量分数为2.5%的低水泥剂量稳定级配碎石,半刚性下基层厚度至少为20 cm结构组合形式;重交通等级下,推荐采用15 cm水泥质量分数为2.5%的低水泥剂量稳定级配碎石上基层和15 cm+20 cm半刚性双基层结构组合.结论在重、中交通荷载作用下,合理的低水泥剂量级配碎石基层能够在防治反射裂缝同时,较好地满足交通荷载需求.     

影响级配碎石模量的结构因素敏感性分析

基于KENLAYER计算模型对不同结构层厚度的级配碎石进行计算分析得到的数据,利用灰关联分析法分析了沥青面层厚度、沥青面层模量、级配碎石层厚度、半刚性基层厚度、半刚性基层模量及土基模量指标对级配碎石模量的影响程度.并得出各相关因素影响程度的排序结果.研究结果表明,灰关联分析法用于分析诸因素对级配碎石模量的影响能获得较好的结果;基于灰关联理论的排序结果表明,沥青面层模量是影响级配碎石模量大小的最主要的因素,级配碎石基层下的结构层位对其模量影响程度较小.     

路面结构的路基刚度提高方法

为满足路面结构对路基刚度的要求,基于弹性半空间和双层弹性体系弯沉等效原则,进行路基刚度补偿设计,揭示路基刚度、加铺材料刚度和加铺层厚度对加铺效果的影响。在大型加速加载试槽中选取一段足尺试验路,铺筑级配碎石刚度补偿层,计算并实测路基顶面当量回弹模量。对典型路面结构进行有限元计算,研究结果表明:按弯沉等效原则计算的路基顶面当量回弹模量理论结果与现场测试结果较吻合,能指导刚度补偿层的设计;当路基当量回弹模量从40 MPa提高至120 MPa时,路面结构的整体刚度提高26.9%,水稳层底的拉应力降低15.1%,说明提高路基刚度,能够有效提高路面结构的耐久性。     

基于宕渣路基的沥青路面结构力学性能研究

为研究宕渣路基对沥青路面结构层力学性能的影响,开展了不同试验条件的宕渣土石混合料循环压缩试验。基于弹性层状体系理论,选用合适的材料参数,通过ABAQUS软件建立典型的路面结构,分析了宕渣路基回弹模量(E_0)对路基顶面压应变(ε_C)、路表弯沉(Ls)、水稳基层厚度、层底拉应力(σ_t)的影响,以及E_0对超载作用下路面结构力学性能的影响。结果表明:含水率(w)对级配2的E_0的影响最小,建议采用级配2的宕渣土石混合料作为路基填筑材料,工程建议值为其平均值244 MPa。二次函数能较好地刻画w与E_0之间的关系;宕渣填筑路基可以显著提高E_0,改善路面结构的力学性能,L_s、σ_t、ε_C随着E_0的上升而逐渐下降;对数函数可以很好地刻画基层厚度与σ_t之间的关系。通过增加路基回弹模量可以适当缩减水稳基层厚度,减薄厚度的宕渣路基路面结构力学性能仍然优于普通路基沥青路面结构;通过增加路基回弹模量可以改善超载作用下路面结构的力学性能,宕渣填筑路基后L_s、σ_(t(面层))、σ_(t(底基层))、ε_C的减幅范围分别为23.31%～38.80%、4.99%～11.14%、20.70%～47.69%、32.40%～59.16%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-