氯化钙、生姜和木瓜蛋白酶对牛肉嫩化效果的研究

采用正交试验方法和感官评定方法来优化和评价氯化钙溶液注射、生姜汁注射、木瓜蛋白酶溶液注射对牛肉嫩度等的影响.试验结果表明:氯化钙溶液的浓度和注射量、生姜汁的注射量、木瓜蛋白酶溶液的浓度和处理时间显著影响牛肉的嫩度(P<0.05).在这3种牛肉嫩化方法中,木瓜蛋白酶溶液注射的嫩化效果最好.     

响应面法优化茶叶嫩化牦牛肉工艺

采用响应面回归设计来探究茶叶嫩化牦牛肉的最佳工艺条件.以温度、时间和茶叶用量作为嫩化因子,以硬度值、剪切力值和感官评分为响应值,运用Design Expert软件对测得的结果建立二次回归模型.结果表明,茶叶可以有效嫩化牦牛肉;最佳嫩化工艺条件为:温度100°C,时间79.8 min,茶叶用量3.88%;在此条件下,牦牛肉硬度预测值为4.24 kg,剪切力预测值为10.71 kg,感官评分为91.63,通过验证表明模型准确可靠;且茶叶可增强牦牛肉风味,改善其色泽.     

复配香辛料精油处理对冷藏藏羊肉氧化特性的影响

为探究一种有效减缓冷鲜羊肉肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)氧化和脂质氧化的方法,以藏羊肉为研究对象,用体积分数为0.8%的孜然精油、0.35%的花椒精油、0.25%的肉桂、98.6%的吐温80复配精油进行涂抹,真空包装后于4℃下贮藏,探究冷藏期内MP氧化和脂质氧化情况。随冷藏时间的延长,空白组、对照(CK)组和处理组羰基含量、巯基含量、表面疏水性、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值和过氧化值(peroxide value,POV)均逐渐上升,二硫键含量逐渐下降,但处理组变化速率较空白组和CK组慢;同时在贮藏15d时,空白组和CK组TBA值均大于国标值1.00mg/kg(分别为1.16、1.15mg/kg),而处理组在24d才达到0.96mg/kg。相比空白和CK组,复配香辛料精油处理提高了藏羊肉MP表面疏水性与各指标间的相关性,显著抑制了藏羊肉MP的氧化,一定程度减缓了藏羊肉的脂质氧化速率。研究结果表明,在真空包装方式下复配精油处理可延长藏羊肉贮藏期9d,希望本研究为藏羊肉贮藏保鲜方法的深入研究提供有效的理论依据。     

麦洼牦牛肉和高山牦牛肉品质差异性的比较分析

为探究不同地区牦牛肉食用品质及营养品质之间的差异,以四川红原县麦洼牦牛和西藏当雄县高山牦牛背最长肌为试验材料,测定分析了两种牦牛肉的食用品质、营养品质、氨基酸以及脂肪酸含量.结果表明:宰后成熟过程中,两种牦牛肉p H、L*值和a*值均无显著差异,麦洼牦牛肉b*值显著高于高山牦牛肉(P 0. 05);高山牦牛肉嫩度和保水性均优于麦洼牦牛肉;两种牦牛肉水分、蛋白质以及灰分含量均无显著差异,且麦洼牦牛肉脂肪含量显著低于高山牦牛肉(P 0. 05);与高山牦牛肉相比,麦洼牦牛肉具有更好的氨基酸组成和更高的营养价值,且重要脂肪酸含量或比例也均极显著高于高山牦牛肉(P 0. 01).综上所述,麦洼牦牛肉虽然食用品质不及高山牦牛肉,但其具有更高的营养价值.     

抗氧化剂对猕猴桃籽油抗氧化性能的影响

采用Schaal耐热实验法,以过氧化值(POV)为指标,研究温度、时间对猕猴桃籽油自氧化过程的影响以及不同抗氧化剂对猕猴桃籽油抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明：温度、时间对猕猴桃籽油的自氧化过程有显著影响,温度的影响更明显;TBHQ对猕猴桃籽油具有良好的抗氧化效果,抗坏血酸和柠檬酸均对TBHQ与PG复配而成的复合抗氧化剂表现出较强的抗氧化协同增效作用,且抗坏血酸的抗氧化协同增效作用优于柠檬酸;添加0.015% TBHQ+0.005% PG+0.01%柠檬酸或0.015% TBHQ+0.005%PG+0.01%抗坏血酸复配而成的复合抗氧化剂,可使猕猴桃籽油在20℃条件下的预期贮藏时间从2个月延长至13～14个月.     

碳酸钠在嫩化型风干牛肉中的应用效果研究

为了探究碳酸钠注射对风干牛肉嫩化效果及品质的影响,实验分别测定了不同浓度碳酸钠(0、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40mol/L)注射处理风干牛肉的pH值、剪切力、水分含量、水分活度、出品率和感官品质。结果表明,随着碳酸钠浓度的升高,风干牛肉的pH值、水分含量、水分活度和出品率显著增加(p<0.05),剪切力下降,嫩度增加;但是,当碳酸钠浓度超过0.35mol/L,风干牛肉的感观品质会明显变差,咀嚼性降低,且有一定程度的碱味。结合相关性分析可得,pH值与风干牛肉的嫩度、水分含量、水分活度、出品率等呈现极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),说明碳酸钠注射对牛肉嫩度的影响主要与肉中pH值变化有关。实验证明,碳酸钠注射处理可以有效改善风干牛肉食用品质,浓度为0.35mol/L时,效果最好,在此条件下,风干牛肉的剪切力可降低33.67%,出品率提高12.05%,为45.12%;pH值的改变是碳酸钠注射对牛肉嫩度及品质改善的主要原因。     

三七与天麻复配提取液体外抗氧化作用

目的测定三七和天麻(1:1)复配提取物,体外抗自由基氧化作用.方法以不同体积浓度乙醇为溶剂,提取三七和天麻复配物中的有效成分,采用紫外分光光度法,测定其在体外对四种自由基(OH-、O2-、DPPH、ABTS+)的清除作用,并与Vc进行比较.结果提取液体外对四种自由基均具有抗氧化活性,清除作用均大于59%,由强到弱的顺序为DPPHABTS+OH-O2-.其中对DPPH的清除能力(89.29%)大于Vc(75.00%).结论三七天麻复配物提取液是良好的天然抗氧化剂,可为进一步开发天然抗氧化制剂提供依据.     

微波处理对萌动亚麻籽酚类化合物油相迁移的影响

强化亚麻籽中主要酚类化合物内源性合成和油相迁移对提升亚麻籽油氧化稳定性,最大限度地增加α-亚麻酸生物利用率尤为重要。探究了适度萌动(25℃,24h)联合微波处理(700W,1~5min)对压榨亚麻籽油得率和色泽、脂质构型和结晶熔融性、抗氧化活性和氧化稳定性的影响,并研究了亚麻籽中木酚素和游离酚酸的释放及油相迁移规律。结果表明:单一萌动处理(24h)后亚麻籽油得率降低了7.39%(P<0.05),而进一步微波处理后油脂得率增加了29.31%(P<0.05),这主要归因于微波处理破坏了亚麻籽中油脂体膜结构完整性,导致膜内中性脂质外溢、融合和胞外渗透。微波处理1~5min过程中,亚麻籽油中以LnLnLn构型存在的C18∶3ω3质量分数呈现明显升高趋势,同时总磷脂质量摩尔浓度以及磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰甘油、磷脂酰肌醇占比显著增加(P<0.05),但未明显影响油脂的结晶行为和熔融特性。与未处理组相比,微波处理5min降低了初级和次级氧化产物水平,显著改善了亚麻籽油的氧化稳定性和抗氧化活性(P<0.05),这主要归因于木酚素大分子及其解聚产物开环异落叶松树脂酚二葡萄糖苷,以及游离酚酸香兰素、香草酸和阿魏酸的油相富集。研究阐释了萌动联合微波预处理对亚麻籽油品质特性的影响,旨在为亚麻籽油提质制取和亚麻籽高值化利用提供理论依据。     

加工工艺对酱卤牛肉制品嫩度的影响研究

研究了不同方法对传统酱卤牛肉制品嫩度的影响,在实验采用的工艺方法和加工条件下,影响产品嫩度的主要因素是滚揉时间和热加工温度,盐水注射后滚揉时间4小时,以及采用低温肉制品80℃的热加工温度(肉块中心温度约75℃),加工产品嫩度最佳.肉块注射滚揉后静腌时间和腌制前蛋白酶处理对产品嫩度也有一定改善作用.考虑腌制前蛋白酶处理对产品嫩度的作用不是特别显著,从实际生产可操作性和成本等因素综合考虑,盐水注射后滚揉时间4~8小时,2℃静腌24小时和低温肉制品80℃的热加工工艺已可达到显著改善产品嫩度的目的.     

大蒜素复配保鲜剂对大口黑鲈保鲜效果的影响

为延长冷藏大口黑鲈的货架期,以新鲜大口黑鲈为材料,研究大蒜素、大蒜素复配茶多酚及葡萄籽提取物处理对冷藏条件(4℃)下贮藏15d的鲈鱼鱼肉品质的影响,以菌落总数结合鲈鱼鱼肉的汁液流失率、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值、pH值、挥发性盐基氮值、肌原纤维蛋白Ca²⁺-ATPase活力和感官评分指标表征大蒜素及其复配保鲜剂对鲈鱼的保鲜效果。结果表明:与对照组及大蒜素单独处理相比,复配保鲜剂有更好地保鲜和维持鱼肉品质的能力,能有效减缓脂质氧化,延缓菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮值、汁液流失率的升高,并保持鱼肉的pH值、感官评分和Ca²⁺-ATPase活力。大蒜素处理组和复配保鲜剂处理组的挥发性盐基氮值分别在第12天和第15天超过25.9mg/100g,与对照组相比分别延长了鲈鱼的贮藏货架期3、6d。大蒜素复配保鲜剂可有效抑制肌原纤维蛋白Ca²⁺-ATPase活力的下降,贮藏15d后对照组酶活力比贮藏初期显著下降了59.9%,而大蒜素和大蒜素复配保鲜剂组分别下降了47.6%、38.0%。大蒜素复配保鲜剂经济环保,对人体无害,可为以天然提取物为水产保鲜剂的开发应用提供数据支撑。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.