新型径向平板热管传热性能的实验研究

提出了一种能够代替金属基板，并能与大功率模块一体化设计的新型径向平板热管结构．相对于金属基板，该热管基板的优势在于利用两相沸腾换热对功率模块内的集中热源进行扩散，因此其热扩散能力大大高于以导热热扩散的金属基板，从而能够提高模块的功率密度．对径向平板热管进行了稳态和瞬态传热性能实验，并与铜基板的实验结果进行了对比．结果表明：与铜基板相比，径向平板热管具有更高的热扩散能力，可降低模块的结壳热阻；热管冷凝面具有良好的等温性，当芯片功率密度为176W／cm^2时，热管冷凝面的温差在3℃以内；热管模块启动过程中芯片达到相同温度需要的时间长，有利于克服功率“飙升”和提高功率器件抗热冲击的性能．     

一种大容量IGBT的驱动和快速保护方法

提出的大容量绝缘栅双极型晶体管（ＩＧＢＴ）器件的驱动和快速保护方法能满足各种容量的ＩＧＢＴ器件和功率场效应晶体管（ＭＯＳＦＥＴ）器件对驱动和短路保护的要求。介绍了驱动电路和快速保护电路的原理，及保护电路响应时间的测量方法。给出了在不同基准电压下，模拟不同退饱和的集射电压下的保护响应时间。短路试验证明了保护电路的快速性。此驱动保护电路已用于由５０Ａ／６００Ｖ ＩＧＢＴ模块构成的逆变器和由４００Ａ／６００Ｖ ＩＧＢＴ模块构成的直流斩波器。工业运行结果表明保护方法响应时间快，抗干扰能力强。     

流体流动和传热耦合对固定床错流传热的影响

将流动模型和传热模型耦合，对内置传热圆管的固定床内错流传热进行研究，获得了床层温度分布，并与不考虑床层速度分布的单一传热模型进行了比较。结果表明，错流传热与流体流动方向密切相关，床层被加热的区域在加热管的两侧和后方，出现了较宽的被加热区；与单一传热模型相比较，等温线在圆管附近显得稀疏，温度梯度减小；在加热管前方，耦合传热模型的最高温度大大高于单一传热模型，而在加热管后方，此差异相对降低；颗粒雷诺数Rep对传热的影响程度更强于单一传热模型。耦合传热模型相对误差小于1．5％，耦合模型真实可靠。     

基于Simscape物理仿真的发动机热管理系统及控制特性研究

文章基于Simscape一维物理仿真软件，使用热流体模型和热力模型分别模拟冷却液的流动和热量的传递，开发一套包括散热器、离心水泵、蓄液罐和发动机管段传热模块的发动机热管理系统仿真模型。通过修改模块代码，将单根传热管道模块改编成多管段的管带式散热器模块和发动机管段传热模块。与实验数据对比验证，模型的散热器传热系数和发动机出口水温的最大误差均不超过10%。在此模型基础上，建立水泵挡位控制和散热器风扇启停调节系统，使发动机出口温度在发动机发热量阶跃变化的情况下，上下波动不超过2 K。该研究为热管理系统一维物理仿真和控制策略研究提供了新方法。     

有机电致发光器件的热传导特性研究

采用简化热阻模型和一维稳态有内热源的热传导方程,对有机电致发光(OLED)器件的热传导特性进行了研究.为了改善OLED器件的性能,设计并实现了一种新型结构的OLED器件.在给定OLED器件的结构、输入功率、对流换热和热物性参数等因素情况下,推导得出OLED器件运行时温度升高与输入功率,基片及各功能层薄膜的热导系数、厚度、面积等之间的关系式,建立了OLED器件内部的温度分布关系.研究结果表明,器件内的有机层和基底的传热性能是影响器件温度分布的重要因素,在功率密度为1.167×104W/m2、外界温度为300 K时,OLED器件在发光层AlQ3中可获得最高温度,其温度值比环境温度高29 K.在研发OLED器件过程中,要提高OLED器件的热稳定性,改善焦耳热效应对OLED器件性能的影响,则需要选用热物性较好的OLED有机材料,使有机层与导热性能良好的电极保持良好接触.通过实验研究,验证了理论分析的正确性.在相同的输入功率情况下,对自制备的若干Al阴极厚度不同的OLED器件进行了比较分析,验证了理论模型的有效性.研究结果对于OLED研发具有重要的价值.     

基于径向基函数神经网络的功率器件集总参数热模型

功率器件易发生热击穿故障,为准确估计其运行温度,需建立器件的热分析模型。然而,当多个功率器件排布距离较近时,器件间的热耦合作用会导致模型中的热参数难以获取。为此,引入导热时间常数τ和温升变化率k两个热参数,建立了功率器件集总参数热模型;并提出通过径向基函数神经网络,对参数τ和k进行估计,克服模型热参数难以获取的问题。以单相全桥电路为对象,通过温升实验,对所提功率器件热模型的有效性进行了验证。     

矿用隔爆水冷变频器散热路径与传热模型研究

隔爆水冷变频器的主电路损耗是比较大的,这些功率损耗全部通过热量的形式释放,导致功率元件的温度升高,而IGBT模块、整流二极管和晶闸管的最高工作温度受到最高温度不大于150℃的限制．因此．功率元件损耗所释放出来的热量是不容忽视的,必须采取有效的散热措施．保证功率元件工作在最高结温以下。     

双级耦合热泵供暖系统有限时间热力学性能优化

利用有限时间热力学分析理论，对新型双级耦合热泵供暖系统建立了存在热阻、热漏、内不可逆损失的恒温定常流热力学循环模型，得到系统供热性能最优结果下，最佳传热面积分配，最佳工质工作温度，最小总传热面积以及最小输入功率的解析式．结合实际算例的计算结果，详细分析了各不可逆因素对系统性能的影响．所得结论为新系统在实际推广过程中的设计、运行提供了一定理论依据．     

飞机平台诱发环境温度的建模与仿真

飞机平台的诱发环境是机载设备的实际工作环境,诱发环境温度是影响机载设备工作的主要环境因素。针对飞机平台诱发环境温度的建模与仿真问题,分析了影响飞机平台诱发环境温度的主要因素,提出了以相似传热结构分类为基础的一种飞机平台诱发环境温度建模与仿真方法。将飞机平台相似传热结构分为翼形舱结构、环形舱结构、大舱室结构、开启舱结构和热防护结构,采用集中参数方法建立5种传热结构的通用热特性模型,以Modelica语言为工具建立了5种传热结构的通用热特性仿真模型。对飞机平台进行相似热区域划分,采用通用热特性仿真模型建立飞机整机的诱发环境温度仿真模型。以某型机为例,进行了诱发环境温度仿真计算,验证了建模与仿真的可行性。仿真表明,飞机飞行时机身区域舱内空气温度最高可达70℃,发动机舱内温度短时间内可达140℃,长时间工作在90℃~110℃之间,发动机热防护结构的最高温度可达160℃。     

一种基于IPM的高频高压电源

随着现代脉冲功率技术的发展,越来越多的场合需要应用高压电源,传统的高压电源由于其体积和低稳定性不能够满足一些新技术和特殊场合的要求。本给出了一种新型的高频高压电源的拓扑结构,新型的功率器件（智能功率模块）可以用做开关频率高20kHz的电源开关,该模块内含控制电路,优化的门极驱动电路,保护电路和半导体功率器件,充分利用了脉冲调制技术（PWM）和谐振变换技术。设计原理,仿真和试验结果都表明该电源具有良好的稳定性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.