化学镀Ni-Mo-P纳米晶镀层腐蚀性能研究

通过化学镀获得了混晶(非晶+微晶)和纳米晶态两种结构的Ni-Mo-P合金镀层,并将混晶态镀层进行晶化处理得到一种单相和一种双相的纳米晶镀层。通过阳极极化曲线分析了各镀层在5%H2SO4溶液的耐蚀性能并与Ni-P镀层进行对比,结果发现,镀态Ni-Mo-P纳米晶镀层的耐蚀性能优于镀态Ni-P纳米晶镀层;经退火处理后获得的两种纳米晶镀层的耐蚀性能比镀态混晶和纳米晶镀层均要好;同时还发现退火处理获得的Ni-Mo-P双相（Ni+Ni3P）纳米晶镀层与退火处理后获得的Ni-Mo-P单相(Ni)纳米晶镀层的耐蚀性能相当。     

化学镀Ni-Mo-P纳米晶镀层的耐蚀性能

通过化学镀获得了混晶(非晶+微晶)和纳米晶态两种结构的Ni-Mo-P合金镀层,并对混晶态镀层进行了不同的晶化处理,得到单相和双相的纳米晶镀层各一种.通过阳极极化曲线分析了各镀层在5%H2SO4溶液中的耐蚀性能,并与Ni-P镀层进行对比,发现镀态Ni-Mo-P纳米晶镀层的耐蚀性能优于镀态Ni-P纳米晶镀层,混晶镀层经退火处理后获得的两种纳米晶镀层的耐蚀性能均优于镀态混晶和纳米晶镀层,同时还发现退火处理获得的Ni-Mo-P双相(Ni+Ni3P)纳米晶镀层与退火处理后获得的Ni-Mo-P单相(Ni)纳米晶镀层的耐蚀性能相当.     

化学沉积Ni—Cu—P合金镀层的组织结构

利用DSC和XRD研究了化学沉积Ni-Cu-P合金镀层的组织结构和晶化过程。结果表明：随着镀层中Cu含量的升高,Ni-Cu-P合金镀层向亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5转变和亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5向热力学稳定的Ni3P相转变的温度均逐渐升高;非晶态结构的合金镀层（质量分数）Ni-8.47%Cu-15.39%P、Ni-15.35%Cu-13.90%P及Ni-19.71%Cu-12.83%P在300℃加热后仍保持非晶态,而在363.39℃、363.69℃及370.04℃,这3种合金镀层分别转变为亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5,随着温度的升高在428.20℃、442.54℃及453.96℃,合金镀层中的亚稳中间相Ni5P2及Ni12P5又进而转变为稳定相Ni3P;对于晶态结构（质量分数）Ni-56.49%Cu-6.01%P合金镀层,在170-330℃,镀层中Ni-Cu晶粒粗化、磷元素向晶界偏聚,在397.80℃镀层中的非晶相转变为亚稳中间相Ni5P2,在464.89℃亚稳中间相Ni5P2转变为稳定相Ni3P。     

镍-磷/金纳米粒子复合化学镀层的研究

在化学镀镍磷溶液中添加金纳米粒子，在基体钢铁上沉积得到镍-磷/金纳米粒子复合镀层. 金纳米粒子在镀液中的浓度为1.0?μmol•L-1. 用扫描电子显微镜，能谱仪，示差扫描热量分析仪，X 射线衍射仪，显微硬度计等仪器对镀层性能进行了分析. 通过EDS分析表明，Ni P镀层中P的质量分数为9.72%，而Ni P/Au镀层中P质量分数为9.29%，金的质量分数为0.93%. 与镍-磷合金镀层相比，纳米复合镀层具有较高的硬度，并且镀层组织致密，孔隙率小，对基体具有更好的保护作用.     

酸性镀液铝合金表面沉积Ni-Mo-P三元合金非晶镀层

采用酸性化学镀液在铝合金表面沉积Ni-Mo-P三元合金非晶镀层。利用透射电镜(TEM)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、能谱(EDS)等现代分析手段,对镀层显微结构进行了表征,探讨了钼酸钠浓度和热处理对镀层纳米压痕硬度的影响。结果表明,镀态下,化学镀Ni-Mo-P三元合金镀层为致密非晶态镀层,镀层中Mo元素分布均匀,镀层与基体结合良好。热处理可促使非晶镀层晶化,产生Ni和Ni3P晶相,获得了纳米压痕硬度为15.12 GPa的最大值。     

纳米Al2O3粒子增强化学镀Ni-P复合镀层的组织结构

通过化学复合镀制备纳米Al2O3粒子增强Ni-P复合镀层,并对所得纳米复合材料的组织结构进行了深入研究．场发射扫描电镜分析(FESEM)和透射电镜分析(TEM)结果表明,纳米粒子在复合镀层中含量较高且分布均匀;X射线衍射分析(XRD)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)结果表明,粒子没有改变复合镀层镀态结构(非晶态),但使得复合镀层晶化温度降低．根据等速升温和等温的DSC曲线对化学复合镀层的晶化过程做了动力学分析,晶化表观活化能和Avrami指数均有降低．在230℃热处理24h后,化学复合镀层发生晶化析出Ni3P,而同样条件下的Ni-P合金保持非晶态．复合镀层显微硬度值比化学镀Ni-P镀层明显提高,热处理后镀层晶化硬度值大幅提高,400℃热处理1h后达到最高值(HV50超过1150)。     

纳米晶镍涂层与基体的界面扩散研究

在不同温度下（150℃～500℃）对电沉积纳米晶镍镀层与低碳钢基体进行低温扩散退火热处理。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的背散射电子（BSE）像及附带的能量色散谱（EDS）考察了热处理后样品中涂层与基体界面上的相结构变化及过渡层的形成。结果表明,在250℃－500℃范围进行低温扩散退火可以有效促使纳米晶镍涂层与基体界面上原子的互扩散,形成扩散过渡层,同时界面上形成了新的相结构。     

Ni-Fe-P合金化学镀的工艺条件及晶化行为研究

采用硼酸为缓冲剂,柠檬酸钠为络合剂在碱性介质中化学沉积Ni Fe P合金.考察了工艺条件如pH、FeSO4·7H2O浓度和温度对沉积速度的影响.获得了沉积速度快,镀液稳定性好的工艺条件.采用差示扫描量热和X射线衍射研究了Ni Fe P合金的晶化行为.结果表明,镀层在镀态呈非晶结构,镀层在200.5℃晶化为亚稳的Ni Fe合金,310℃晶化为立方FeNi3合金,369.2℃晶化为四方的Ni3P,而491.3℃为继续生成FeNi3的吸热峰.     

均匀化退火对AZ31B镁合金组织与性能的影响

AZ31B镁合金铸态组织晶界处存在粗大的"骨骼"状Mg17Al12相以及凝固过程中产生的成分偏析,严重影响了铸锭的成形性能.为改善其成形性能,对铸态试样进行了均匀化退火试验,其保温温度为380,400,420 ℃以及保温时间为6,15,24 h.均匀化退火后Mg17Al12相呈细小的颗粒状分布在α-Mg基体上,枝晶偏析大部分得到消除,镁合金的塑性得到改善.根据均匀化退火后的组织与性能变化确定了最佳的退火工艺为400 ℃×15 h.     

脉冲放电制备链枝状非晶态Ni-P合金粉体的晶化行为

在镍盐溶液中利用脉冲放电技术制备出Ni-P合金粉体,并用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及差热分析(DTA)等手段研究非晶粉体的晶化行为和组织结构特征.结果表明:Ni-P合金粉体形貌为链枝状,径向可达500nm左右,长度可达数微米.制备的合金粉体为非晶态结构,在280℃以下热处理时没有改变非晶态结构:在300℃开始晶化,析出亚稳相Ni5P2和Ni12P5;在320℃开始析出稳定相Ni和Ni3P;温度升高到400℃时,亚稳相消失.采用Kissinger公式计算出该合金粉体的晶化激活能为291.76kJ.mol-1.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.