自发说谎的光学脑成像研究

基于功能性近红外光谱技术，采用半自发说谎范式考察对个人信息自发说谎的神经机制. 实验以26名大学生志愿者为研究对象，将其分为说谎组和控制组. 在说谎组中，要求研究对象对个人信息进行自发说谎；而在控制组中，要求研究对象对个人信息全部说真话. 研究采用含氧血红蛋白增量作为神经激活的指标. 结果表明，对个人信息进行自发说谎可引发左侧额中回的显著激活，不进行自发说谎的则不引发前额皮层区域的显著激活.     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的脑机接口

为了探究功能性近红外光谱技术(fNIRS)对相同动作的运动想象和运动执行区分可行性以及前额皮层对运动想象和运动执行分类准确率的影响,研究测量了15位受试者手臂伸展和手指敲击的运动想象过程和运动执行过程的前额皮层和运动功能皮层的血氧变化信号.提取均值,斜率,二次项系数和近似熵特征建立基于支持向量机的四分类模型.对应于手臂伸展和手指敲击的四分类模型,分别实现了87.65%和87.58%的分类准确率.相对于单独运动功能皮层区域建立的运动功能皮层-fNIRS-脑机接口,引入前额皮层血氧变化信息能显著提高脑机接口分类性能,且对手指敲击动作的提高效果大于手臂伸展动作.因此,前额皮层区域的血氧响应生理特征能提高fNIRS-脑机接口的分辨性能,同时验证了fNIRS-脑机接口应用于多种肢体动作脑功能活动提取的可行性.     

基于独立成分分析的抑郁症脑网络属性分析

使用ICA与图论相结合的方法来研究抑郁症的脑网络拓扑属性差异可以为抑郁症的诊断提供依据。针对以ICA成分为节点构建的二值化网络中轻度抑郁症患者与正常人的传统属性差异不明显的问题,提出将二值化网络改进为加权网络,并引入信息维数这个属性。通过计算信息维数对比患者与正常人的显著差异,找到差异显著的独立成分,并进行溯源分析。实验结果表明,抑郁症患者的信息维数都明显高于正常人,说明抑郁症患者脑网络的复杂度更高,并且二者的差异显著脑区定位为左侧额叶中上回与左侧颞叶中回。     

近红外光谱样本集划分以及预处理的方法研究

近红外光谱（Near Infrared Spectroscopy,NIR）是一种操作简单、效率高的绿色分析技术,现已广泛应用在各个方面。在对近红外光谱数据分析过程中数据处理的方法也变得极其重要,通过查阅国内外相关文献对现有的近红外光谱一些处理方法进行了分析和总结,综述了近几年近红外光谱中异常样本识别、样本集划分、光谱预处理在分析过程中的一些化学计量学方法,并对这些算法以及应用进行介绍,不仅为近红外光谱化学计量学的发展提供参考,还为后续对近红外光谱的广泛应用提供技术保障。     

膝关节前交叉韧带断裂者跑步时的步态分析特征及指导意义

 为明确前交叉韧带（anterior crucitate ligament，ACL）断裂后患者的跑步步态以及合并内侧半月板后角撕裂对其进一步的影响，基于三维运动捕捉分析方法，定量化分析了前交叉韧带断裂患者（8名单纯ACL断裂患者，8名ACL断裂合并内侧半月板后角撕裂患者，22名健康志愿者）的跑步步态改变。研究表明，慢跑时ACL断裂的膝关节主要表现为外源性屈曲力矩显著降低，这不仅与ACL断裂侧伸肌力量减弱有关，且与神经肌肉控制模式改变有关。ACL断裂合并内侧半月板撕裂患者膝关节在慢跑时表现出显著的外旋不稳，分析与内侧半月板后角撕裂降低了对旋转稳定性的控制功能有关。研究提示，ACL断裂患者的康复训练方案应关注并参考其跑步步态的异常，加强屈伸肌及旋转稳定肌群的训练，结合神经肌肉训练，改善其跑步步态异常，降低继发损伤风险。     

磁共振多模态技术对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断价值的探讨

目的利用核磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）联合核磁共振波谱分析（1H-MRS）及核磁共振磁敏感成像（SWI）研究HIE的MRI,探讨临床分度及预后关系。方法搜集28例经临床证实的新生儿HIE患者,行常规MRI、DWI、1H-MRS、SWI图,单体素PRESS（TE144ms）序列囊壁或囊内1H-MRS成像,测量N-乙酰天冬氨酸NAA、胆碱Cho、肌酸Cr、乳酸Lac、脂质Lip峰高,计算出Cho/Cr,Cho/NAA,NAA/Cr,并与随访结果进行比较。结果 （1）8例皮层及皮层下沿脑回迂曲点状条状高信号及或幕上幕下蛛网膜下腔少量出血;3例额叶深部白质两侧对称性点状高信号及或沿脑室壁条状高信号半局限性脑水肿;2例表现为基底节区,丘脑高信号伴内囊后肢地信号;1例脑室出血半病侧脑室扩大,皮层下囊状坏死,弥漫性脑水肿。（2）28例患者初次检查,DWI全部表现为对称性异常高信号;22例病变位于颞叶、额叶、顶叶;8例累及两侧基底节区。（3）5例NAA峰显著降低;8例Lac峰明显增高;GLx-a峰明显增高。（4）3例室管膜下斑点状低信号;6例脑室内条状低信号;1例皮层下点状低信号;5例侧脑室旁斑点状低信号。（5）随访2周,25例全部病变显示低信号,6个月和15个月持续性低信号。结论利用磁共振多模态技术能够判断超急性期,急性期的HIE,早期发现中重度HIE,指导临床判断预后。     

近红外光谱在快速检测棉制品中含棉量的应用

以两组棉制品为研究对象，利用遗传算法提取有效近红外光谱信息，采用偏最小二乘法（partial least squares，简称PLS）建立了棉制品中舍棉量的近红外定量的校正模型，讨论了遗传算法提取有用信息的具体应用方法．结果表明：棉制样品的近红外光谱经过遗传算法提取有用信息（波长优选）后，通过一定数据预处理方法，运用PLS建立的定量校正模型，可以大大降低数据运算量，为近红外光谱分析技术应用于棉制品中舍棉量的预测，提供了理论依据和实用方法．     

弥漫性脑损害的脑网络研究

该研究为弥漫性脑损害(精神分裂症)的脑网络研究(2011CB707805)一般性科技报告,报告概括了研究思路、技术路线、实验方案并总结2011—2013度计划执行情况;年度计划完成情况;研究工作的主要进展;重要阶段性成果或突破;项目执行过程中存在的问题及其对策及下年度研究工作计划和进度安排对年度情况进行汇总。该项目围绕研究目标,依照研究方案针对患者、高危人群与正常对照,分别研究脑结构网络和功能网络,分析各自的网络属性,找寻疾病所产生的异常模式。利用多中心数据发现了:(1)脑结构网络异常:精神分裂症患者皮层厚度、灰质体积及白质解构的异常,病分析高危人群:精神分裂症患者及其父母大脑杏仁核存在共同的结构和功能连接异常模式;(2)脑功能网络研究:精神分裂症的脑解剖网路研究精神分裂症病人和正常对照被试的的脑解剖网络均具有小世界属性,但是精神分裂症患者脑网络的全局连接效率降低,精神分裂症患者不同临床和认知功能评定指标与各种脑网络指标的相关性的研究;(3)脑网络相关生物基因标记物关联研究:精神分裂症风险基因与脑网络的研究表明DISC1不同基因型对于丘脑-皮层通路的结构与功能连接有着显著不同的影响,DISC1基因的Cys等位基因携带者脑网络信息传输效率较低,5-HTTLPR与情绪相关的关系以及对杏仁核-前额环路的影响。从影像学及生物学标记物层面对脑网络进行了深入研究。揭示弥漫性脑损害(精神分裂症)对脑结构和功能网络影响的本质特性,在网络水平、基因水平上发现精神分裂症早期诊断、预后判断及疗效评价的影像学标志,生物学标记为这些疾病的临床早期诊断和疗效评价等提供有效的方法和途径。     

基于fNIRS技术的脑机接口研究

功能性近红外光谱技术(functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS)作为一种无损光学脑成像技术,可用于构建脑机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)以识别操作者肢体控制意图.利用fNIRS技术测量11位参试者的手臂伸展、腿部伸展和手指敲击的前额皮层(prefrontal cortex,PFC)和运动功能皮层(motor cortex,MC)的血氧变化信号,并利用fNIRS的生理特征和支持向量机建立fNIRS-BCI分类器.结果表明手臂伸展、手指敲击和腿部伸展的四分类fNIRS-BCI平均正确率分别为89.32%,、88.66%,和91.35%,;fNIRS-BCI的运动想象动作的分类正确率不低于运动执行动作;3种任务范式的混淆矩阵分析结果表明:运动想象诱发的脑功能活动与同侧肢体的运动执行、对侧肢体的运动想象活动产生混淆,3种任务范式的同侧运动想象和运动执行的血氧数据检验结果存在显著差异.因此,fNIRS-BCI能有效识别运动想象和运动执行活动,且运动想象和运动执行活动的血氧数据变化具有可分性.     

短波近红外光谱法分析酒中乙醇含量

使用短波近红外光谱和多变量校正技术快速准确地测定酒中乙醇含量. 研究了纯水、 乙醇以及乙醇和水混合体系的光谱特征. 用多元线性回归（MLR）和主成分回归（PCR ）分析了二阶导数差谱数据. 该法分析酒样具有方便、 快速的优点.     

工作记忆编码腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位信号的相位同步分析

研究比较大鼠在静息状态下和工作记忆编码阶段腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层局部场电位相位同步的变化,分析相位在工作记忆任务相关信息处理中的作用机制。研究数据为6只SD大鼠静息状态和执行Y迷宫空间工作记忆任务时采集的腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层的局部场电位信号,计算两个脑区局部场电位信号之间的加权相位滞后指数值。研究结果表明,与静息状态相比,在工作记忆编码阶段,腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层之间的相位同步性在theta频段选择性地并且显著性地增加。腹侧海马和内侧前额叶皮层theta频段的相位同步是工作记忆编码阶段任务信息处理的一个作用机制。     

Prefrontal attention and multiple reference frames during working memory in primates

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is responsible for executive functions, including planning, goal setting, problem solving, inhibitory control, monitoring, and action adjusting. Executive functions also include selective attention and the flexibility or switching of attention; therefore, attention is an executive function in which the PFC participates. Working memory (WM), which is the temporary maintenance and processing of particular information, is usually considered to be a basic neural mechanism underlying the executive functions. This review systematically discusses the relationship between the prefrontal WM and attention and emphasizes two forms of prefrontal attention. The first form occurs in the dlPFC, which encodes the location of objects with respect to the position of the head, thereby providing a frame of reference from which the focus of attention can be centered. The second occurs in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex (IFC), which encodes the different attributes (shape, texture, color) of objects to enable the ability to focus on one or to switch attention between sensory attributes of objects.     

NR1基因敲除对小鼠前额叶脑区LTP的影响

用前脑特异性NR1基因敲除小鼠,采用离体脑片场电位技术,研究了NR1亚基在前额叶脑区突触可塑性中的作用.刺激强度—反应(input-output curve)和双脉冲抑制反应(paired pulse depression, PPD)的结果表明,与同窝对照组小鼠相比,NR1基因敲除小鼠前额叶脑区的基本突触传递无明显变化.采用高频刺激(100 Hz, 1 000 ms ×2, 间隔30 s)在小鼠的前额叶脑区诱导长时程增强(long-term potentiation, LTP),与对照组小鼠相比,NR1基因敲除小鼠前额叶脑区的LTP明显受损.以上数据提示,NR1亚基在前额叶脑区LTP的诱导中起着重要的作用.     

Control of visual cortical signals by prefrontal dopamine

The prefrontal cortex is thought to modulate sensory signals in posterior cortices during top-down attention, but little is known about the underlying neural circuitry. Experimental and clinical evidence indicate that prefrontal dopamine has an important role in cognitive functions, acting predominantly through D1 receptors. Here we show that dopamine D1 receptors mediate prefrontal control of signals in the visual cortex of macaques (Macaca mulatta). We pharmacologically altered D1-receptor-mediated activity in the frontal eye field of the prefrontal cortex and measured the effect on the responses of neurons in area V4 of the visual cortex. This manipulation was sufficient to enhance the magnitude, the orientation selectivity and the reliability of V4 visual responses to an extent comparable with the known effects of top-down attention. The enhancement of V4 signals was restricted to neurons with response fields overlapping the part of visual space affected by the D1 receptor manipulation. Altering either D1- or D2-receptor-mediated frontal eye field activity increased saccadic target selection but the D2 receptor manipulation did not enhance V4 signals. Our results identify a role for D1 receptors in mediating the control of visual cortical signals by the prefrontal cortex and suggest how processing in sensory areas could be altered in mental disorders involving prefrontal dopamine.     

Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum

To navigate our complex world, our brains have evolved a sophisticated ability to quickly learn arbitrary rules such as 'stop at red'. Studies in monkeys using a laboratory test of this capacity--conditional association learning--have revealed that frontal lobe structures (including the prefrontal cortex) as well as subcortical nuclei of the basal ganglia are involved in such learning. Neural correlates of associative learning have been observed in both brain regions, but whether or not these regions have unique functions is unclear, as they have typically been studied separately using different tasks. Here we show that during associative learning in monkeys, neural activity in these areas changes at different rates: the striatum (an input structure of the basal ganglia) showed rapid, almost bistable, changes compared with a slower trend in the prefrontal cortex that was more in accordance with slow improvements in behavioural performance. Also, pre-saccadic activity began progressively earlier in the striatum but not in the prefrontal cortex as learning took place. These results support the hypothesis that rewarded associations are first identified by the basal ganglia, the output of which 'trains' slower learning mechanisms in the frontal cortex.     

大脑前额叶扣带回皮层调制丘脑触觉信息的途径研究

大脑前额叶扣带回皮层是一个与感觉功能密切相关的脑区,它能够对丘脑触觉反应进行调制.实验在10只戊巴比妥钠（1%）麻醉的SD雄性大鼠上进行,采用辣根过氧化物酶（horseradish peroxidase,HRP）逆行标记的方法,对扣带皮层前部调制丘脑腹侧基底核（ventrobasal,VB）感觉信息的途径进行了研究.实验结果显示,VB核可以接受扣带皮层后部的投射,而且扣带皮层前部有纤维投射到扣带皮层后部.由此提示了前扣带皮层对丘脑腹侧基底核神经元触觉信息调制的可能神经环路是：扣带皮层前部-扣带皮层后部-丘脑腹侧基底核.     

Top-down signal from prefrontal cortex in executive control of memory retrieval.

Knowledge or experience is voluntarily recalled from memory by reactivation of the neural representations in the cerebral association cortex. In inferior temporal cortex, which serves as the storehouse of visual long-term memory, activation of mnemonic engrams through electric stimulation results in imagery recall in humans, and neurons can be dynamically activated by the necessity for memory recall in monkeys. Neuropsychological studies and previous split-brain experiments predicted that prefrontal cortex exerts executive control upon inferior temporal cortex in memory retrieval; however, no neuronal correlate of this process has ever been detected. Here we show evidence of the top-down signal from prefrontal cortex. In the absence of bottom-up visual inputs, single inferior temporal neurons were activated by the top-down signal, which conveyed information on semantic categorization imposed by visual stimulus-stimulus association. Behavioural performance was severely impaired with loss of the top-down signal. Control experiments confirmed that the signal was transmitted not through a subcortical but through a fronto-temporal cortical pathway. Thus, feedback projections from prefrontal cortex to the posterior association cortex appear to serve the executive control of voluntary recall.     

Right prefrontal laterality of Chinese boys during a Chinese high conflict Stroop task measured by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy imaging

Some studies have shown that native Chinese speakers have different laterality in matched Stroop tasks from native English speakers. Recently, many imaging data, which show left laterality of English-matched Stroop interference, have been reported. And a few functional imaging studies have been conducted to investigate the phenomenon of the Chinese version of Stroop task. In this study, functional activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex of a group of normal Chinese boys with functional near-infrared imaging during a Stroop color-word task was measured to show different Stroop interferences in the prefrontal cortex. The results show obvious fluctuation of the cerebral blood volume in the right prefrontal cortex in all boys, which agrees with the finding of previous studies, that is, Chinese native boys have right laterality in their brain when the Chinese version of Stroop color-word task is applied.     

Right prefrontal laterality of Chinese boys during a Chinese high conflict Stroop task measured by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy imaging

Some studies have shown that native Chinese speakers have different laterality in matched Stroop tasks from native English speakers.Recently,many imaging data,which show left laterality of English-matched Stroop interference,have been reported.And a few functional imaging studies have been conducted to investigate the phenomenon of the Chinese version of Stroop task.In this study,functional activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex of a group of normal Chinese boys with functional near-infrared imaging during a Stroop color-word task was measured to show different Stroop interferences in the prefrontal cortex.The results show obvious fluctuation of the cerebral blood volume in the right prefrontal cortex in all boys,which agrees with the finding of previous studies,that is,Chinese native boys have right laterality in their brain when the Chinese version of Stroop color-word task is applied.