物理学奖:开启中微子物理学的黄金时代

<正>2015年的诺贝尔物理学奖授予了在超级神冈(简记为SK)实验中发现了大气中微子振荡现象的日本物理学家梶田隆章(Takaaki Kajita)和在萨德伯里中微子观测站(简记为SNO)破解了太阳中微子失踪之谜的加拿大物理学家亚瑟·麦克唐纳(Arthur B.McDonald)。这一结果既在情理之中,又在意料之外。一方面,这两个实验开启了中微子物理学的黄金时代,以令人信服的方式表明中微子具有极小的质量和较大的混合效应,相应的主要     

退火处理对Dy4(Co21Cu79)96颗粒膜结构和巨磁电阻效应的影响

采用磁控溅射法制备Dy₄(Co₂₁Cu₇₉)₉₆颗粒膜,研究薄膜的巨磁电阻（GMR）效应及磁性能.应用X射线衍射仪（XRD）对薄膜微观结构随退火温度的变化进行分析,采用四探针及振动样品磁强计（VSM）测量薄膜的磁电阻和磁性能.X射线衍射实验结果表明:制备态的薄膜形成了单相亚稳态面心合金结构,退火处理将促进Cu和Co的相分离.磁电阻测试发现:所有不同成分的Dy_x(Co₂₁Cu₇₉)_100-x（x=0,4,8,9,12,14）薄膜样品均随着退火温度的升高,颗粒膜巨磁电阻（GMR）效应不断增大,当达到最佳退火温度之后,GMR值又随退火温度的升高而降低.当退火温度为425℃时,Dy₄(Co₂₁Cu₇₉)₉₆薄膜的巨磁电阻效应达到最大,GMR值为-4.68%.退火前后样品磁滞回线的变化表明薄膜中发生了从超顺磁性到铁磁性的转变,矫顽力H_c随退火温度的升高逐渐增大.     

巨磁电阻的若干问题

本文综述了各向异性磁电阻(AMR)．巨磁电阻(GMR)，特大磁电阻效应(CMR)以及隧道磁电阻效应(TMR)的实验结果及理论模型     

从物理发现到成功应用——兼谈2007年度诺贝尔物理学奖授予巨磁电阻效应发现者

法国科学家Albert Fert和德国科学家Peter Grünberg因发现巨磁电阻效应(GMR)而获得2007年度诺贝尔物理学奖。通过介绍他们的突出贡献及该领域的其他相关重要工作,梳理了近20年时间里,巨磁电阻效应和隧穿磁电阻效应(TMR)从物理发现到人工制备和优化多种纳米磁性多层膜、磁性隧道结(MTJ)材料,以及被成功应用于计算机磁读头、磁随机存储器和多种磁敏传感器的发展历程,展现了该领域现阶段有重要应用前景的一些热点课题。     

Fe-Al_2O_3纳米颗粒膜的巨磁电阻效应及微结构

采用磁控溅射方法在玻璃基片上制备了一系列的 Fe- Al2 O3 颗粒膜样品 ,对样品的巨磁电阻效应 (GMR)和磁性能进行了测量 ,并用高分辨电镜 (HRTEM)对膜中 Fe颗粒的微结构进行观察 .结果表明 :磁电阻 MR随 Fe含量而变化 ,在体积分数为 47%时获得最大值 4.0 % .45 % Fe-Al2 O3 颗粒膜的室温磁性表现为超顺磁性 ,磁电阻 MR与 - (M/Ms) 2 成正比 ,相关常数 A≈ 0 .0 3 6 .HRTEM观察表明 ,当 Fe颗粒尺寸约小于 1 nm时 ,Fe颗粒为非晶态 ,而大于该尺寸时则为晶态 .在 Fe- Al2 O3 颗粒膜体系中存在与隧道相关的 GMR,GMR的起因可归于传输电子的自旋相关的散射     

为什么倒水时水会沿杯子外表面流下？

正A:这个现象叫茶壶效应。当然不仅限于茶壶。杯子、碗、喷泉、下雨的屋檐等,都可以观察到类似的现象。最早科学研究这个问题的是以色列学者马库斯·赖纳(MarkusReiner)。他发现,大多数物理学家都想当然地认为这个问题背后的物理机制是表面张力。可是,他在1956年的研究表明,表面张力本身并不能定量解释茶壶效应。直到2010年,法国里昂大学和巴黎综合理工学院的研究者们才发现,茶壶效应背后的物理机制是流体惯性作用和毛细效应的共同作用。惯性作用指的是流体速度的影     

离子束改性对颗粒膜巨磁电阻效应的影响

用射频磁控溅射方法在Si/SiO2衬底上制备了(NiFeCo)36Ag64颗粒膜.用四探针法测量了注入Co离子前后(NiFeCo)36Ag64颗粒膜巨磁电阻效应的变化.用场发射扫描电镜分析了颗粒膜的形貌及成分.实验结果表明:注入Co离子对颗粒膜巨磁电阻有显著的影响,在相同退火温度下,注入离子可使GMR效应提高一倍以上.随着退火温度增加,颗粒膜巨磁电阻效应先增加而后减小,在360℃下退火可获得10.2%的最大室温巨磁电阻效应.     

量子霍尔效应场论方法及相关论题第二版

量子霍尔效应堪称物理学中最令人感兴趣和最美丽的一种宏观量子现象。经典霍尔效应是1879年由美国物理学家霍尔发现的。过了一个世纪,1980年德国物理学家克利青发现了整数量子霍尔效应并因此荣获了1985年诺贝尔奖。1982年三位美国物理学家劳克林、施特默和华裔物理学家崔琦发现了分数量子霍尔效应,他们一起分享了1998年诺贝尔奖。     

争议不断的萨拉姆

<正>1964年,巴基斯坦籍物理学家阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆(Abdus Salam)利用联合国和意大利政府的资助,在意大利港口城市的里雅斯特建立了"国际理论物理中心"(ICTP),为发展中国家的青年学子提供了一个接触国际前沿研究的机会。1979年,萨拉姆因对基本粒子标准模型的贡献而与美国理论物理学家史蒂文·温伯格(Steven Weinberg)和谢尔登·格拉肖(Sheldon Glashow)分享了诺贝尔物理学奖。但是界     

霍尔效应

量子反常霍尔效应是我国科学家从该实验上独立观测到的一个重要物理现象,也是世界基础研究领域的一项重要科学发现.这是在美国物理学家霍尔于1880年发现霍尔效应133年后终于实现了反常霍尔效应的量子化,是我国科学家从实验上独立观测到的一个重要物理现象,也是世界基础研究领域的一项重要科学发现.该文将详细讲解霍尔效应的发展历史.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.