藏羚羊5个微卫星标记的多态性分析

藏羚羊是我国青藏高原的特有物种.为分析藏羚羊独特的遗传变异特征和核DNA遗传多样性,以5个微卫星标记对50只藏羚羊的等位基因多态性进行了研究.研究结果表明:5个微卫星标记共检测到92个等位基因,每个标记的平均等位基因数为18.4个(在16~23之间),平均有效等位基因数为11.1;5个微卫星标记的多态信息含量均在0.8573以上,为高度多态标记,其中L03标记的多态信息含量最高,达0.9372;各标记的观测杂合度在0.4898~0.9091之间,期望杂合度在0.8770~0.9504之间,平均期望杂合度为0.8990,属于高度杂合标记,遗传变异丰富.这些筛选出的多态性微卫星标记可应用于藏羚羊遗传多样性、遗传结构分析及遗传图谱的构建等工作.     

茄子种质资源的农艺性状与SSR标记的遗传多样性研究

为了明确茄子种质资源的遗传背景,对从国内搜集,并在云南试种表现良好的37份茄子种质资源进行9个农艺性状和6个SSR标记的遗传多样性分析.结果表明,茄子9个农艺性状的变异系数在8.99%~44.69%之间,变异系数最高的是果形,最低的是果实横径;SSR标记共检测到13个等位变异,平均每个SSR位点的等位基因数为2.166 7个,平均有效等位基因数为1.862 0,Shannon’s信息指数为0.659 1,多样性指数为0.4399.非加权算术平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析表明,9个农艺性状将37份茄子种质资源划分为4个类群;6对多态性SSR引物也将所有种质划分为4个类群.虽然2种聚类方法把37份种质基本分开,但大部分种质的分子标记与农艺性状的聚类结果一致性不高.同时,农艺性状和SSR标记的结果均表明,37份茄子种质资源遗传多样性并不丰富,亲缘关系较近.以上结果可为茄子种质资源的进一步研究和利用提供理论依据.     

新疆7个绵羊品种MHC区段微卫星遗传多样性的分析

为分析新疆北疆地区主要绵羊品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系,利用SSR Hunter软件寻找5个微卫星标记,采用PCR扩增,1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,对新疆7个品种绵羊群体遗传多样性进行了检测分析,统计了各群体的等位基因组成、平均有效等位基因数和平均基因纯合率,利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度、多态信息含量和群体间的遗传距离。结果显示新疆7个绵羊群体共发现28个等位基因,实验证明在5个微卫星位点的平均多态信息含量为0.5569~0.7335,平均杂合度为0.6208~0.7437,有效等位基因数为2.7118~4.4203,均属于高度多态性位点。聚类分析和主成分分析结果与其起源、育成历史及地理分布基本一致。这5个位点作为与生产性能相关的遗传标记较为理想。     

内蒙古地区主要推广玉米品种遗传多样性研究

用农艺性状与分子标记(SSR)相结合的方法分析了24个在内蒙地区选育的玉米品种遗传多样性.结果表明,用30对玉米SSR核心引物进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到234个等位基因变异,每对引物检测到5~15个多态性片段,平均为7.8个.每个位点SSR多态信息含量(PIC)变化为0.408~0.916,平均多态性为0.876.聚类分析(UPGMA)可将24个玉米品种分为5大类.品种间具有较高的遗传变异性.内蒙古地区主栽玉米品种有着较为稳定的遗传特性,基础遗传资源丰富.这对新品种选育、品种改良和亲本选配有着重要的参考意义.     

我国几种野鸭和家鸭遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用SSR技术分析我国几种野鸭和家鸭品种群体间及群体内的多样性.21对引物在群体间共扩增得到516条带,其中多态性条带410条.多态性位点比率在60%～96.7%之间.运用简单匹配系数法计算了品种(系)间的相似性系数和遗传距离,采用类间平均链锁法(Between-groups linkage method)构建了聚类图谱,并进行了系统发生分析.实验结果表明,群体间遗传多样性丰富,聚类图谱显示我国11个地方鸭品种(系)被划分为两大类,这与根据生产性能、经济性状划分的结果相一致.筛选12个多态性较好的微卫星标记,对群体内的遗传多样性水平进行检测.利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数(多态信息含量,平均杂合度以及有效等位基因数),结果表明:本实验所调查的鸭群体的平均杂合度在0.296至0.675之间,各品种(系)依照平均多态信息含量高低排列的次序与按群体平均杂合度排列的顺序基本一致,一些群体内的平均杂合度值较低,反映出群体内遗传多样性水平较低,这很可能与群体近交程度高有关.     

山樱花群体遗传多样性的SSR分析

【目的】分析山樱花不同居群遗传多样性,为其种质资源保护与利用提供理论依据。【方法】利用SSR分子标记对8个山樱花自然居群共224份样本进行遗传多样性分析。【结果】17对SSR引物共检测到113个等位基因,平均每个位点6.647个等位基因,多态位点百分率为92.65%; 物种水平上Nei's遗传多样性指数为0.634,居群水平上Nei's遗传多样性指数、Shannon信息指数分别为0.498、0.939。Structure分析显示8个山樱花居群来自3个基因库,与主坐标分析结果较为一致。【结论】SSR标记可以用于山樱花群体遗传多样性分析,山樱花群体间与群体内遗传多样性均较高。     

杉木育种群体SSR分子标记遗传多样性分析

杉木的育种群体中,维持合理的遗传多样性和清晰的遗传背景,是长周期、多世代遗传改良采用的核心策略之一。基于基因组分子标记,利用自主开发的52对杉木SSR引物,对国家级杉木种质资源库保存的遗传材料——杉木第1代遗传改良收集的93份种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:52对SSR引物在93份材料中共检测到254个等位变异,等位变异范围为2～8个,平均等位基因数为4.88个,平均有效等位基因数为2.32个,平均观察杂合度为0.43,平均Nei’s多样性指数为0.50,平均Shannon信息指数为0.98,这5个评价遗传多样性水平的指标具有较大程度的一致性。不同引物的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、观察杂合度、多样性指数和Shannon信息指数等均表明杉木育种群体中存在较大的遗传差异,其变异系数分别为24.88%、44.75%、34.20%、34.89%和33.59%。93份种质资源间遗传相似系数的平均值为0.693 3,变化范围为0.490 0～0.919 3; 遗传距离的平均值0.370 3,变化范围为0.086 3～0.713 4。当距离阀值为20时,可将杉木第1代育种群体中的93份种质资源划分为5大类; 当距离阀值为15时,第5大类的77份种质资源可细分为16个亚类。SSR分子标记聚类的结果可为种质资源的管理及提高育种效率提供重要依据。     

豇豆SSR标记在豌豆中的可转移性与应用初探

利用豇豆SSR引物筛选在豌豆具通用性的SSR引物。13对豇豆SSR引物中检测出8对引物在豌豆中可扩增,其中5对SSR引物表现出多态性,进而分析11个豌豆品种和5个豇豆品种的遗传多样性与遗传关系。结果表明:平均等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、平均Shannon指数,在豌豆品种群中分别为2.00、1.64、0.55,豇豆品种群中分别为2.00、1.80、0.53,上述遗传参数反映出供试豌豆品种和豇豆品种具有中等水平的遗传多样性;利用UPGMA聚类分析,能将豌豆品种群和豇豆品种群分为两类,且每个品种群内的各个体之间能进行区分,尤其是两个豌豆品种亚群的聚类结果与其地理来源基本一致。     

大黄鱼群体遗传多样性分析及耐低温性状相关微卫星标记的筛选

耐低温性状是鱼类一种重要的经济性状。为进一步探索大黄鱼耐低温性状,本研究采用13个大黄鱼微卫星标记,以岱衢洋大黄鱼低温耐受组和正常对照组2个F2代群体各50个个体为研究对象,分析了群体耐低温性状的遗传差异。结果显示:13个微卫星标记位点在2个岱衢洋大黄鱼群体中共检测到109个等位基因,观测等位基因85个,平均有效等位基因6.49个,观测杂合度0.89,平均期望杂合度0.85,2个群体的平均多态信息含量值为0.81,全部为高度多态,表明13个微卫星位点在所选育的岱衢洋大黄鱼群体中均表现出较高的多态性,群体的遗传多样性比较丰富,可以作为良好的育种材料。耐低温性状相关微卫星标记的研究显示,标记LYC0015在两组样品中共扩增出5个等位基因(片段大小分别为112、110、108、106和104 bp),其中LYC0015112bp等位基因在低温耐受组的出现频率达48%,而在正常对照组中的频率为零,表明该等位基因对岱衢洋大黄鱼温度特性较为敏感,可能与某种耐低温基因存在一定的连锁关系,这一结果可以岱衢洋大黄鱼今后耐低温群体的选育研究提供基础资料。     

银杏主要栽培品种遗传多样性分析

以44个银杏主要栽培品种为材料,应用ISSR分子标记为手段,利用5个标记所产生的16个多态位点绘制这44个银杏栽培品种的ISSR指纹图谱,对这44个栽培品种进行了区分,并结合RAPD分子标记对该栽培群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明:ISSR所估算出的平均有效等位基因数目、基因多样度和Shannon指数分别为1.730 7,0.410 1和0.596 3,而RAPD所估算出的值分别为1.573 5,0.333 1和0.497 9,说明该群体有较高的遗传多样性。ISSR技术在估算银杏遗传多样性时较RAPD更为精确。     

Genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and evolutionary relationship among ecotypes of Glycine max and G. soja in China

The knowledge of origin and evolution of cultivated soybeans is one of the basic issues in both biology and agronomy of the crop. In order to investigate the nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and genetic relationship among geographic ecotypes of cultivated （Glycine max） and wild （G. soja） soybeans, the allelic profiles at 60 nuclear simple-sequence repeat （nuSSR） loci and 11 chloroplastic SSR （cpSSR） loci evenly distributed on whole genome of 393 landraces and 196 wild accessions from nation-wide growing areas in China were analyzed. （i） The genetic diversity of the wild soybean was obviously larger than that of the cultivated soybean, with their nuSSR and cpSSR alleles as 1067 vs. 980 and 57 vs 44, respectively. Of the 980 nuclear alleles detected in the cultivated soybean, 377 new ones （38.5%） emerged, while of the 44 chloroplastic alleles in the cultivated soybean, seven new ones （15.9%） emerged after domestication. （ii） Among the cultivated geographic ecotypes, those from southern China, including South-Central China, Southwest China and South China possessed relatively great genetic diversity than those from northern China, while among the wild geographic ecotypes, the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity. （iii） The analysis of molecular variance, association analysis between geographic grouping and molecular marker clustering and analysis of specific-present alleles of ecotypes demonstrated that the geographic differentiation of both cultivated and wild soybeans associated with their genetic differentiation, or in other words, had their relevant genetic bases. （iv） The cluster analysis of all accessions clearly showed that the wild accessions from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys and South-Central ＆ Southwest China had relatively small genetic distances with all cultivated accessions. The UPGMA dendrogram among geographic ecotypes further showed that the genetic distances between all cultivated ecotypes and the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype were smaller than those with other wild ones, including their local wild counterparts. Therefore, it is inferred that the wild ancestors in southern China, especially those from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys might be the common ancestor of all the cultivated soybeans.     

Further molecular evidence for the Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum in Tibet as ultimate progenitor of Chinese cultivated barley

106 aeeessions of Tibetan wild barley, including 50 accessions of the two-rowed wiht barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. sopntaneum （HS）, 27 accessions of the six-rowed bottle-shaped wild barley H. lagunculiforme （HL） and 29 accessions of the six-rowed wiht barley H. agriocrithon （HA） that separately represent different agrigeographical regions of Tibet, were used to study the genetic diversity and genetie differentiation using SSR markers selected from seven barley linkage groups. 229 allelic variants were identified with an average of 7.6 alleles/locus. The average of total number of alleles per locus in HA （6.4） is much higher than that in HS （3.9） and HL （3.4）. The genetie diversity and its standard deviation among the three subspecies were in the order of HS〉HL〉HA. Very significant genetic differentiation was observed among the three subspecies of wild barley. Comparisons of the results fiom this and previous studies showed a strong Oriental-Occidental differentiation of barley, and that Shannan region of Tibet might be the center of origin of the Tibetan two-rowed wild barley, thus supporting not only the hypothesis of a mono-phyletie origin of cultivated barley but also the proposition that the Tibetan two-rowed wild barley as ultimate progenitor of Chinese cultivated barley.     

Experimental validation of inter-subspecific genetic diversity in rice represented by the differences between the DNA sequences of ‘Nipponbare’ and ‘93-11’

The pedigrees of three sequenced rice cultivars were analyzed to show that a majority of the genetic composition of 'Nipponbare' originates from japonica cultivars while the minority originates from indica cultivars. In contrast, '93-11' is derived mainly from indica cultivars with a smaller contribution from japonica cultivars. All ancestors of 'Guang lu ai 4' appeared to be indica lines. A set of molecular markers (46 InDels and 53 SSRs) polymorphic between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' were examined in 46 typical indica and 47 typical japonica cultivars selected from 443 accessions according to Cheng's index. All cultivars were divided into indica and japonica groups without overlapping when clustered by Cheng's index, InDels and SSRs. Much higher InDel and SSR diversity between groups than within groups implies that the marker polymorphisms between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' represent a large proportion of inter-subspecific diversity. About 85% of indica cultivars and more than 90% of japonica cultivars were confirmed to have the same PCR banding patterns as '93-11' and 'Nipponbare', respectively. Some polymorphic loci between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' cannot be validated in other indica and japonica cultivars, either as subspecies-specific but not predominant alleles, or alleles not specific between the two groups. It was concluded that molecular markers developed from sequence polymorphism between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' often represent inter-subspecific diversity, although some exceptions were sensitive to either particular marker loci or particular cultivars.     

Genetic diversity of Chinese summer soybean germplasm revealed by SSR markers

There are abundant soybean germplasm in China. In order to assess genetic diversity of Chinese summer soybean germplasm, 158 Chinese summer soybean accessions from the primary core collection of G max were used to analyze genetic variation at 67 SSR loci. A total of 460 alleles were detected, in which 414 and 419 alleles occurred in the 80 Huanghuai and the 78 Southern summer accessions, respectively. The average number of alleles per locus was 6.9 for all the summer accessions, and 6.2 for both Huanghuai and Southern summer accessions. Marker diversity (D) per locus ranged from 0.414 to 0.905 with an average of 0.735 for all the summer accessions, from 0.387 to 0.886 with an average of 0.708 for the Huanghuai summer accessions, and from 0.189 to 0.884 with an average of 0.687 for the Southern summer accessions. The Huanghuai and Southern summer germplasm were different in the specific alleles, allelic-frequencies and pairwise genetic similarities. UPGMA cluster analysis based on the similarity data clearly separated the Huanghuai from Southern summer soybean accessions, suggesting that they were different gene pools. The results indicate that Chinese Huanghuai and Southern summer soybean germplasm can be used to enlarge genetic basis for developing elite summer soybean cultivars by exchanging their germplasm.     

西藏石榴野生群体的SSR遗传多样性分析

【目的】调查西藏地区野生石榴种质资源,分析西藏野生石榴群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构,为野生石榴资源的保护和利用提供理论依据。【方法】使用13对SSR引物对3个自然群体共42份西藏地区野生石榴种质资源材料DNA进行PCR扩增,毛细管电泳检测扩增片段长度,使用GenAlEx和Arlequin等软件对SSR数据进行分析。【结果】13对引物共检测到44个等位基因,平均3.385个,引物的平均有效等位基因数(N_e)、香农信息指数(I)、期望杂合度(H_e)和多态信息量(PIC)分别为1.971、0.771、0.481和0.393。3个野生群体的平均有效等位基因数(N_e)、平均香农信息指数(I)和平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为1.867、0.646和0.421,林芝b(LZb)群体的遗传多样性水平高于其他2个群体。AMOVA分析表明,群体内遗传变异高达88.43%,3个群体间的遗传分化系数(F_st)为0.116。种质聚类分析将供试种质划分为3个亚群,结果与种质地理来源具有一定关联性。遗传结构分析显示西藏野生石榴有4个可能的基因库来源。【结论】13对SSR引物可用于西藏野生石榴种质的遗传多样性等研究。西藏野生石榴种质的遗传变异主要存在于群体内;林芝b(LZb)群体遗传多样性最高,遗传结构复杂,且含有最多的野生种质采样点,可予以优先保护。     

中国榛属植物DNA提取与SSR初步分析

为了探讨适合中国榛属植物基因组DNA的提取方法,分析榛属植物的遗传多样性,本实验以榛属植物的叶片为试材,通过对Doyle和Doyle方法的改良,摸索出适于中国榛属植物基因组DNA提取的方法,并以核酸产量、纯度、片断分布情况等指标来评价,获得高质量基因组DNA;同时应用4对欧榛SSR引物对中国榛属植物进行了跨种转移,并对具有商业潜力的平榛、毛榛和川榛3个种的遗传多样性进行了初步评价,4对引物从3个种的29个样本中扩增出33个等位基因,位点拥有的等位基因数量在6~12个之间,位点平均等位基因数为8.38.上述结果表明SSR是用于榛属种间育种、品种鉴定以及种间遗传图构建的有力工具.     

Genetic diversity of rice cultivars （Oryza sativa L.） in China and the temporal trends in recent fifty years

Public concern is often expressed at cultivars because the domestication and modern plant breeding have led to a reduction in the genetic diversity of crops and loss of genes, which could result in crops' genetic vulnerability to changes in the spectrum of pestssity of varieties in this zone is very important to the whole rice production in China. REZV, a important japonica rice production areas with more than 278 thousands ha rice which was about 71% of rice area in north China, accounted fo…     

Genetic diversity and construction of core collection in Chinese wheat genetic resources

Genetic diversity among 5029 accessions representing a proposed Chinese wheat core collection was analyzed using 78 pairs of fluorescent microsatellite （SSR） primers mapped to 21 chromosomes. A stepwise hierarchical sampling strategy with priority based on 4×10^5 SSR data-points was used to construct a core collection from the 23090 initial collections. The core collection consisted of 1160 accessions, including 762 landraces, 348 modern varieties and 50 introduced varieties. The core accounts for 23.1% of the 5029 candidate core accessions and 5% of the 23090 initial collections, but retains 94.9% of alleles from the candidate collections and captures 91.5% of the genetic variation in the initial collections. These data indicate that it is possible to maintain genetic diversity in a core collection while retaining fewer accessions than the accepted standard, i.e., 10% of the initial collections captured more than 70% of their genetic diversity. Estimated genetic representation of the core constructed by preferred sampling （91.5%） is much higher than that by random sampling （79.8%）. Both mean genetic richness and genetic diversity indices of the landraces were higher than those of the modern varieties in the core. Structure and principal coordinate analysis revealed that the landraces and the modern varieties were two relatively independent subpopulaUons. Strong genetic differentiation associated with ecological environments has occurred in the landraces, but was relatively weak in the modern culUvars. In addition, a mini-core collection was constructed, which consisted of 231 accessions with an estimated 70% representation of the genetic variation from the initial collections. The mini-core has been distributed to various research and breeding institutes for detailed phenotyping and breeding of genetic introgression lines.