非对称成本扰动信息下双渠道供应链的契约设计

研究由单制造商和单零售商组成的双渠道供应链系统在非对称的生产成本扰动信息下的契约设计问题.使用委托代理理论,通过求解零售商优化问题的Kuhn-Tucker条件,给出了非对称的生产成本扰动信息下的双渠道供应链的最优契约,并且分析了非对称成本扰动信息对于双渠道供应链定价决策、生产数量决策及供应链成员利润和整个系统性能的影响.研究表明,当生产成本扰动满足一定条件时,初始的生产计划仍然是最优的;制造商私有成本扰动信息不一定会给系统带来利润损失,并且明确给出了未造成利润损失的边界条件.     

需求与退货价格具有相关性的双渠道供应链模型与协调

考虑由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的双渠道供应链,制造商负责产品的生产,生产出来的产品一部分由零售商进行传统渠道销售,另一部分由制造商通过网络进行直销.传统零售渠道和网络直销渠道都为消费者提供退货服务,且退货价格与两个渠道的市场需求具有相关性.通过建立双渠道供应链博弈模型,分析了集中式决策和分散式决策下的退货价格策略,并就两种决策模式下的退货策略进行了比较分析,同时就双渠道供应链实现协调进行了合同设计.研究表明:在批发价格契约下不能实现双渠道供应链的协调,而采用两部定价合同可实现双渠道供应链的协调.     

需求均匀分布条件下考虑零售商销售努力的双渠道供应链协调

针对单个制造商和单个零售商组成的双渠道供应链,零售商面对的需求为均匀分布市场,且需求与零售商销售努力及双渠道销售价格具有相关性.通过建立双渠道供应链模型,分析了集中式决策下双渠道供应链的销售努力、零售价格、直销价格及订货量策略,给出了双渠道供应链协调的条件.研究结果表明:采用回馈与惩罚契约及回购契约的双契约组合不能有效协调双渠道供应链,而在此基础上加入收益分享策略能够实现双渠道供应链协调.最后,通过数值计算对结果进行了验证.     

零售商风险规避下差异化渠道的三层供应链协调

考虑市场需求不确定时零售商的风险规避问题,研究在制造商主导的三层单渠道分销的供应链中零售商的最优订购策略、分销商的定价均衡和制造商的定价策略.然后增加一个提供回购契约的分销商,研究在零售商双重采购和制造商差异化双渠道分销的三层供应链中风险规避型零售商的最优订购策略、两个相互竞争的分销商和制造商的定价策略.通过决策对比分析,建立基于差异化双重分销渠道的三层供应链的协调机制.研究结果表明,与单渠道供应链相比,差异化双重分销渠道的形成可以使供应链成员的收益均得到增加,实现供应链的帕累托改进,且帕累托区域的位置与范围受到零售商风险规避程度的影响.     

制造商资金约束下的双渠道供应链协调

考虑由单一零售商和受资金约束的单一制造商组成的双渠道供应链,在引入带有价格折扣因子的零售商提前付款融资模式时,如何实现协调的问题.在制造商主导的Stackelberg博弈下,研究了制造商和零售商之间的库存协调问题,并建立了使得双渠道供应链实现协调的收入共享契约模型.给出了供应链协调时契约参数满足的表达式,并分析了价格折扣因子、初始资金对供应链及其成员的影响.最后,通过算例验证了契约对双渠道供应链协调的有效性及相关参数的作用.     

零售商竞争下基于CVaR与收益共享契约的供应链决策模型

针对随机需求与零售商价格竞争相关,基于收益共享契约,研究一个风险中性的制造商和两个风险规避型零售商组成的供应链.通过指数乘法需求形式将价格竞争引入到需求模型中,并以CVaR作为零售商的风险度量准则,证明了竞争的零售商存在唯一最优的定价-订购联合决策,并给出了具体的解析表达式.借助于理论推导和数值分析,给出零售商的价格竞争和风险规避对供应链成员最优决策和渠道效率的影响.结果表明,收益共享契约不能完美协调此类供应链,零售商竞争有助于改善渠道效率,而零售商的风险规避降低渠道效率.     

混合需求下双渠道供应链联合定价决策与协调机制研究

文章考虑了同时面临确定需求和随机需求的双渠道供应链的最优决策和协调问题,研究表明价格博弈的纳什均衡解存在;并给出了能使制造商和零售商完美协调的简单易行的机制——制造商指导定价契约,通过算例验证了该契约能实现完美协调,并从分布函数形式及不确定性大小等角度分析了其中规律。     

非对称信息下双渠道供应链应对突发事件协调模型

针对由制造商主导的双渠道供应链,引入双渠道价格敏感系数及竞争系数两个变量,假设零售商的成本信息为私有条件,研究在非对称信息下发生突发事件的双渠道供应链最优应对。研究结果表明,供应链的最优生产量、最优直销价格、批发价格和最优零售价格具有一定的鲁棒性。在非对称情形下,突发事件导致零售商成本在一定范围内扰动时,双渠道供应链的最优生产计划、销售计划可以保持不变。但当零售商的成本扰动超出了一定范围时,则需要通过协调才能使供应链重新达到平衡,实现对突发事件的有效应对。最后,通过数值仿真验证了研究结果。     

应急环境和非对称信息下两个竞争零售商的供应链批发价契约

研究了非对称信息下包含一个供应商和两个Bertrand竞争零售商的两级供应链系统批发价契约如何应对突发事件问题.首先在正常状态下,当零售商成本信息为非对称信息时,设计了集中控制下供应链契约和分散控制下供应链批发价契约.当突发事件造成零售商的成本分布变化时,给出了上述两种供应链契约的应急决策.仿真结果表明,当零售商成本扰动在一个很小范围内时,供应商可以保持原生产计划不变,说明原有的契约机制具有一定的鲁棒性;当扰动比较大时,要对原来的生产计划进行调整.     

政府补贴和消费者绿色偏好供应链策略及协调

在考虑政府补贴和消费者绿色偏好情形下,为探究制造商开通在线渠道的动机,以及不同渠道 结构中供应链成员最优决策和社会福利的变化,构建制造商领导、零售商跟随的 Stackelberg 模型;比较不同 渠道结构下供应链成员的均衡策略,并设计价格折扣和成本分担契约实现供应链协调,最后通过算例对模型 进行验证;研究发现,政府补贴能够提高制造商开通在线渠道的动机;与单渠道相比,双渠道结构能够明显提 高制造商的利润及社会福利;零售商双渠道的利润是否高于单渠道的利润与消费者绿色偏好有关,当消费者 绿色偏好较高时,零售商双渠道的利润才高于单渠道的利润;价格折扣和成本分担契约可以实现整个供应链 系统协调,并且政府补贴和消费者绿色偏好越高时,供应链整体利润改进的幅度越大,此时制造商和零售商 更有合作的意向。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.