Ferromagnetism of a graphite nodule from the Canyon Diablo meteorite

There are recent reports of weak ferromagnetism in graphite and synthetic carbon materials such as rhombohedral C(60) (ref. 4), as well as a theoretical prediction of a ferromagnetic instability in graphene sheets. With very small ferromagnetic signals, it is difficult to be certain that the origin is intrinsic, rather than due to minute concentrations of iron-rich impurities. Here we take a different experimental approach to study ferromagnetism in graphitic materials, by making use of meteoritic graphite, which is strongly ferromagnetic at room temperature. We examined ten samples of extraterrestrial graphite from a nodule in the Canyon Diablo meteorite. Graphite is the major phase in every sample, but there are minor amounts of magnetite, kamacite, akaganéite, and other phases. By analysing the phase composition of a series of samples, we find that these iron-rich minerals can only account for about two-thirds of the observed magnetization. The remainder is somehow associated with graphite, corresponding to an average magnetization of 0.05 Bohr magnetons per carbon atom. The magnetic ordering temperature is near 570 K. We suggest that the ferromagnetism is a magnetic proximity effect induced at the interface with magnetite or kamacite inclusions.     

CoFe2O4磁性液体冰冻前后的磁性

 介绍了Massart法制备CoFe2O4磁性液体的方法。用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜测量CoFe2O4微粒的结构、粒径,表明微粒粒径呈对数正态分布,平均粒径为12.76nm,平均晶粒粒径为11.15nm。利用振动样品磁强计,在室温下测量CoFe2O4微粒的磁化曲线和体积分数为1%、1.2%、1.5%的磁性液体冰冻前后的磁化曲线。结果表明,磁性液体饱和磁化强度明显小于等量磁性微粒的饱和磁化强度?准VMps,冰冻后磁性液体的饱和磁化强度大于冰冻前磁性液体的饱和磁化强度。其原因是,磁性液体中存在块状、链状、环状团聚体,其中块状和环状团聚体导致饱和磁化强度降低;在磁性液体冰冻过程中,由于水分子的作用环状团聚体破裂成链,使压缩参数?酌变大,导致冰冻后磁性液体饱和磁化强度增大。     

钙钛矿La0.67Pb0.33MnO3薄膜的制备及表征

利用磁控溅射法在单晶LaAlO3(100)衬底上成功的外延生长了La0.67Pb0.33MnO3薄膜。用X射线衍射、原子力和超导量子干涉仪、振动样品磁强计对其进行了表征。结果表明,薄膜为赝立方钙钛矿结构,晶胞参数为a=3.861 nm,具有良好的单晶外延结构和光滑的表面。居里温度TC=345 K,在居里温度附近,发生铁磁-顺磁转变。此材料呈现出一种典型的自旋玻璃特性,是由于应力造成的。在室温条件下,当H=0.8T时,磁电阻效应非常明显,此现象是由于固有磁电阻效应引起的,并不是低场磁电阻效应引起的。室温下,其矫顽力只有50奥斯特。     

Superconductivity at 39 K in magnesium diboride

In the light of the tremendous progress that has been made in raising the transition temperature of the copper oxide superconductors (for a review, see ref. 1), it is natural to wonder how high the transition temperature, Tc, can be pushed in other classes of materials. At present, the highest reported values of Tc for non-copper-oxide bulk superconductivity are 33 K in electron-doped Cs(x)Rb(y)C60 (ref. 2), and 30 K in Ba(1-x)K(x)BiO3 (ref. 3). (Hole-doped C60 was recently found to be superconducting with a Tc as high as 52 K, although the nature of the experiment meant that the supercurrents were confined to the surface of the C60 crystal, rather than probing the bulk.) Here we report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in magnesium diboride, MgB2. Magnetization and resistivity measurements establish a transition temperature of 39 K, which we believe to be the highest yet determined for a non-copper-oxide bulk superconductor.     

钙钛矿La0.7Pb0.3MnO3的结构和磁性研究

采用固相反应烧结法成功制备了单相多晶样品La0．7Pb0.3MnO3，用X射线衍射和超导量子干涉仪及振动样品磁强计对其结构和磁性进行了研究。结果表明，样品呈菱面相晶体结构，空间群为R-3C，居里温度Tc=348K，在居里温度附近，发生铁磁一顺磁转变。此材料呈现出一种典型的团簇玻璃特性，其阻截温度为336K，并且对零场冷却和场冷却曲线给出了合理的解释。室温下，其矫顽力只有40Oe。     

Martensitic transformation and magnetic properties of aged Ni-Fe-Ga-Ti shape memory alloy

This article reports the effect of ageing on the microstructure, martensitic transformation, magnetic properties, and mechanical properties of Ni₅₁Fe₁₈Ga₂₇Ti₄ shape memory alloy. There are five specimens of this alloy aged at 573 up to 973 K for 3 h per each. This range of ageing temperature greatly affects the microstructure of the alloy. As the ageing temperature increased from 573 up to 973 K, the microstructure of Ni₅₁Fe₁₈Ga₂₇Ti₄ alloy gradually changed from the entirely martensitic matrix at 573 K to the fully austenitic microstructure at 973 K. The volume fraction of precipitated Ni₃Ti particles increased with the ageing temperature increasing from 573 to 773 K. Further increasing the ageing temperature to 973 K decreased the content of Ni₃Ti in the microstructure. The martensitic transformation temperature was decreased steadily by increasing the ageing temperature. The magnetization saturation, remnant magnetization, and coercivity increased with the ageing temperature increasing up to 773 K. A further increase in ageing temperature decreased these magnetic properties. Moreover, the hardness values were gradually increased at first by increasing the ageing temperature to 773 K, and then dramatically decreased to the lowest value at 973 K.     

Effect of vacuum annealing on the characteristics of composite pellets containing DBSA-doped polyaniline and Fe nanoparticles

The DBSA-PANI-Fe composite powder with 50wt% of Fe nanoparticles was prepared by mechanically mixing the DBSA-doped polyaniline powder and Fe nanoparticles. The composite powder was compacted to pellets and the pellets were annealed in vacuum at 443,493,543, and 593 K for 60 and 120 min. The conductivity of the pellet increases markedly with increasing the annealing temperature up to 493 K, and then decreases with further increasing the annealing temperature. When the pellet was annealed at 493 K for 60 min, the increment of conductivity reaches a maximum value, and the conductivity is 2.6 times as large as that of the pellet unannealed. The conductivities of the pellets annealed under the conditions of 543 K/120 min, 593 K/60 min, and 593 K/120 min are lower than the conductivity of the pellet unannealed. For all the pellets, the variation in conductivity with temperature reveals that the charge transport mechanism can be considered to be 1-D variable-range-hopping (1-D VRH). The composite pellet shows a magnetic hysteresis loop independent of the annealing condition. The saturation magnetization is about 5.4×104 emu/kg. The saturation field and the coercivity are estimated to be 4.38×105 and 3.06×104 A/m, respectively. The crystalline structure ofFe nanoparticles in the composites does not change with the annealing condition. The annealing condition cannot destroy the polymer backbones.     

Development of lead-free multifunctional materials Bi(Co0.45Ti0.45Fe0.10)O3

A lead free multiferroic material,Bi(Co_(0.45)Ti_(0.45)Fe_(0.10))O_3(BCTF45/10)was synthesized by a solid-state reaction route at high temperatures.BCTF45/10 powder was prepared using appropriate raw maretials in oxide powders with methanol medium.As-prepared circular shaped pellets were sintered at 1053 K for 6 h to produce a compact form.Preliminary structural properties and elemental analysis were determined using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques respectively at room temperature.The microstructure or surface morphology of the sintered sample was carried out by using field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM).The XRD analysis shows that the compound exhibits the single-phase of orthorhombic symmetry.The average crystallite size estimated using the Scherrer's technique was found to be 30 nm.The influence of Co and Ti substitution(at Bi and Ti sites of Bi Fe O_3)on some physical and electrical properties of Bi Fe O_3was examined by using phase sensitive multimeter in a wide frequency and temperature ranges.The magnetic nature of the sample was studied using vibrating sample magnetometer.Study of room temperature magnetic hysteresis loop exhibits the enhanced ferromagnetic characteristic with saturation magnetization of 5.091 emu/g and coercive field of 0.213 k Oe respectively.The enhanced magnetic properties highlight various potential applications of Co/Ti doped BCTF45/10 materials.     

高温高压法合成块体α″-Fe_(16)N_2

将Fe、Fe3N粉末按比例混合,高温高压合成名义成分的Fe16N2非晶块体材料,然后在不同温度下低温真空退火,制备了α″-Fe16N2相块体材料.结果显示,合成α″-Fe16N2的最佳退火温度为190℃,所得样品为软磁材料,矫顽力约50 A/m,其室温比饱和磁化强度为205 A·m2/kg,超过纯铁的室温比饱和磁化强度200 A·m2/kg.     

氢对金属玻璃Fe39Ni39Si8B12Mn2磁性的影响

使用大角转动张力磁化法研究了金属玻璃Fe39Ni39Si8B12Mn2渗氢后时效过程中磁化曲线和饱和磁致伸缩系数的变化。结果表明:含氢的Fe39Ni39Si8B12Mn2金属玻璃饱和磁化强度下降,而各向异性常数增加,相应饱和磁伸系数减小。     

Co80+xZr20-x合金的永磁性能

利用X射线衍射和磁性测量研究Co_80+xZr_20-x（x=0,1,2,3,4）合金、 快淬薄带的结构与磁性. 结果表明, 所有样品的比饱和磁化强度均较大, 且在实验范围内随退火温度的升高而增加; 经750℃热处理2 h后, Co₈₁Zr₁₉样品的比饱和磁化强度达到最大值128 (A·m2)/kg; Co₈₂Zr₁₈快淬样品在25 m/s速率下的矫顽力最大, 为60 kA/m, 根据该样品中Co5Zr相的含量较大可知, Co₅Zr相为Co-Zr合金的硬磁相; 由初始磁化曲线可知, 所有样品的矫顽力机制为成核模型.      

Effect of reduction roasting by using bio-char derived from empty fruit bunch on the magnetic properties of Malaysian iron ore

Beneficiation of Malaysian iron ore is becoming necessary as iron resources are depleting. However, the upgrading process is challenging because of the weak magnetic properties of Malaysian iron ore. In this study, bio-char derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was utilized as an energy source for reduction roasting. Mixtures of Malaysian iron ore and the bio-char were pressed into briquettes and subjected to reduction roasting processes at 873–1173 K. The extent of reduction was estimated on the basis of mass loss, and the magnetization of samples was measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). When reduced at 873 K, the original goethite-rich ore was converted into hematite. An increase in temperature to 1073 K caused a significant conversion of hematite into magnetite and enhanced the magnetic susceptibility and saturation magnetization of samples. The magnetic properties diminished at 1173 K as the iron ore was partially reduced to wustite. This reduction roasting by using the bio-char can assist in upgrading the iron ore by improving its magnetic properties.     

γ′-Fe4N纳米晶薄膜的结构及低温磁性

采用直流磁控溅射方法, 在Si(100)单晶衬底上制备γ′-Fe₄N纳米晶薄膜样品, 并利用X射线衍射(XRD)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对样品的结构和磁性进行测试分析, 给出了比饱和磁化强度及矫顽力与温度的关系. 结果表明, 样品沿(111)晶面择优生长, 具有单一的易磁化方向, 且易磁化方向平行于（111）晶面. 随着测量温度的降低, γ′-Fe₄N纳米晶薄膜样品的比饱和磁化强度σ_s增加, 矫顽力H_c增大, 剩磁比σ_r/σ_s减小. 通过理论拟合确定了比饱和磁化强度与矫顽力随温度的变化关系, 矫顽力随温度的变化满足T^1/2规律, 比饱和磁化强度σ_s与温度不满足Bloch的T^3/2规律, 表明在80~350 K温度范围内自旋波之间存在较强的相互作用.      

Fe掺杂对Zn1 xCoxO纳米晶体结构及磁性行为的影响

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Fe掺杂Zn1 xCoxO(x=001~002)纳米晶体.通过XRD,TEM和VSM对其结构、晶格参数和磁性进行了表征和分析.所有样品都没有检测到非晶态产物以及Fe,Co团簇等第二相,即Fe掺杂没有改变Zn1 xCoxO晶体的纤锌矿型ZnO结构、晶粒度大小以及室温铁磁性.随着Fe掺杂浓度的提高,饱和磁化强度、剩余磁化强度和矫顽力等磁性参数都有相应的改善.Fe掺杂还引起了交换偏置,并且,该现象随着Fe掺杂浓度的提高而增强;但是,单原子Fe对饱和磁化强度的贡献低于单原子Co对自发磁化强度的贡献,这表明Fe,Co共掺杂ZnO材料与Co掺杂ZnO材料的磁性机制有所不同.     

Superconductivity in compressed lithium at 20 K

Superconductivity at high temperatures is expected in elements with low atomic numbers, based in part on conventional BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) theory. For example, it has been predicted that when hydrogen is compressed to its dense metallic phase (at pressures exceeding 400 GPa), it will become superconducting with a transition temperature above room temperature. Such pressures are difficult to produce in a laboratory setting, so the predictions are not easily confirmed. Under normal conditions lithium is the lightest metal of all the elements, and may become superconducting at lower pressures; a tentative observation of a superconducting transition in Li has been previously reported. Here we show that Li becomes superconducting at pressures greater than 30 GPa, with a pressure-dependent transition temperature (T(c)) of 20 K at 48 GPa. This is the highest observed T(c) of any element; it confirms the expectation that elements with low atomic numbers will have high transition temperatures, and suggests that metallic hydrogen will have a very high T(c). Our results confirm that the earlier tentative claim of superconductivity in Li was correct.     

Measurement of Magnetization Curve and Magnetic Relaxation for 2H-NbSe2 Crystals

The characteristics of electronic transport properties: behaviors of magnetization curve and magnetic relaxation of a typical normal superconductor 2H-NbSe2 are investigated. The results show that Tc and △Tc of the samples are 7. 2,0. 18 K, indicating that superconducting energy gap at zero temperature is 1. 1 meV. No fish tail shape is found in the magnetization curves at several temperatures. The relationship between remnant magnetic moment and time reveals that the magnetic flux creep of the sample agrees with the Kim-Anderson thermal activation model with the relaxation rate S=0.000 36 at T=6 K.     

单温区管式炉气相输运生长NbSe_2超导单晶

化学气相输运(CVT)生长单晶通常采用双温区管式炉。利用普通单温区管式炉中的温度梯度实现了化学气相输运,并成功生长出了Nb Se2单晶。运用扫描电子显微镜,X射线衍射仪等方法对制备的Nb Se2单晶进行了形貌和结构的表征,并测量了低温下Nb Se2单晶的磁化率和电阻性质。结果表明,实验上生长出来的Nb Se2单晶具有金属光泽,晶体尺寸约为2 mm×2 mm,超导转变温度和转变宽度分别为7.1 K和0.3 K,超导体积分数约为79%。因此,单温区管式炉生长晶体的方法也可用于其他功能材料单晶的制备。     

钴铁氧体的溶胶凝胶燃烧法制备及其物性检测

通过溶胶凝胶燃烧法制备了钴铁氧体（CoFe₂O₄）纳米颗粒,并通过压片退火成型.XRD图谱显示样品成分无杂相.通过介电测试仪和振动样品磁强计测试了样品在室温下的介电性能和磁性能.试验结果表明,其介电常数和损耗都随着频率的变化而变化并展现出频散的行为,在低频范围内随着频率的增加而急剧减小,在高频范围内减小不明显.此外,其磁滞回线显示该类材料的饱和磁化强度、剩余磁化强度和矫顽力场分别为81.8 emu·g^-1,29.4 emu·g^-1和834.9 Oe.样品展现出良好的磁性能.     

Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4磁性形状记忆合金薄膜的磁场增强马氏体相变应变研究

采用磁控溅射方法制备Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4磁性形状记忆合金薄膜。研究薄膜的晶体结构、磁化行为以及磁场对马氏体相变应变的影响。试验结果表明,经823 K退火1 h的Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4薄膜,室温下处于奥氏体态,呈较强的(110)织构特性,且室温饱和磁化强度约为40 emμ/g。试验还发现,当沿膜面方向施加0到0.8 T磁场时,Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4薄膜的马氏体相变应变量随磁场强度的增大而增大,呈现出磁场增强马氏体相变应变效应。     

聚苯乙烯磁性微球的制备与表征

以表面被油酸包覆的纳米级Fe₃O₄为磁性载体, 苯乙烯和丙烯酸为单体, 二乙烯基苯为交联剂, 用分散聚合的方法合成了粒径分布更均匀而且具有良好超顺磁性的聚苯乙烯磁性微球, 并对这种磁性微球进行形貌、 结构和超顺磁性的表征. 结果表明, 该方法制备的磁性微球粒径分布均匀、 表面光滑, 室温下, 其比饱和磁化强度达到11.61 Am2/kg.