终端区航空器飞行间隔研究

针对终端区不合理的航空器飞行间隔严重影响飞行安全和机场吞吐量的问题,提出了基于场面监视雷达历史运行数据的终端区航空器飞行间隔算法。通过分析离散的场监雷达点迹数据,可获得航空器的历史轨迹。基于航空器起飞时刻和降落时刻提出了航空器间在不同起降序列下的时间、距离间隔计算方法。研究了机场流量、航空器起降序列、跑道的使用方向变化对航空器飞行间隔的影响。实践结果表明,场面监视雷达数据可以有效地用于分析航空器间的时间和距离间隔;机场流量与终端区航空器飞行间隔负相关,航空器间的时间间隔和距离间隔正相关,飞行间隔与跑道使用方向变化无关。合理的起降次序和良好的管制习惯可有效地缩小终端区航空器飞行间隔。     

考虑跑滑结构的机场跑道容量评估模型

跑道容量是衡量机场服务水平的重要指标.民航中小型机场跑道滑行道结构简单,航空器起降占用跑道时间较长,是影响机场容量的主要因素.本文细化航空器起降滑行、滑跑时间,引入管制规则,构造了考虑跑滑结构的机场容量评估模型.采用Visual C++编程进行数值模拟仿真,结果表明,该模型能量化实际滑跑距离、滑行道位置、起降比例等关键因素对机场容量、跑道占用时间的影响.以赣州机场为例,该模型容量评估结果符合实际飞行原则和管制规则,能为提高机场吞吐量提供技术支持,具有一定的参考价值和实用性.     

浅谈直升机的运行与管制

直升机是一种利用桨叶旋转产生升力飞行的航空器。在各国军事和民用通用航空领域广泛应用。本文就直升机在运行与管制方面的特点,简单介绍下国内外民航直升机的运行方式。内容涉及滑行、起降程序、飞行规则。     

浅谈背景光亮度和灯光等级对RVR的影响

低能见度为影响航空器起降的重要因素之一。RVR是为飞行员、空中交通管制员以及其他部门提供的跑道能见度,为空中交通管制员指挥飞机起降以及飞行员进行目视飞行提供可靠的能见度依据。在不同的背景光条件或者灯光等级下,RVR值都会受到影响。在低能见度情况下,如何通过背景光或者灯光等级的改变,来判断RVR值的变化,为飞机的起降和机场的运行提供判断依据。     

基于PHMM的终端区航空器综合态势识别

航空器在终端区飞行时,由于受到诸多因素的影响,导致其不能严格按照计划航线飞行。通过分析历史航迹数据,提出了一种基于并行隐马可夫模型的终端区航空器综合态势识别方法。首先提取航迹数据的各类特征点,然后根据其x坐标、Y坐标以及Z坐标建立3个隐马尔可夫模型。通过训练3个模型的参数,对航空器在终端区内的高度态势、速度态势以及方向态势进行识别。最后采用综合分析方法对航空器的综合态势进行识别。实验表明,该方法能够快速、准确、有效地识别出终端区航空器的综合飞行态势,为管制员发布管制指令提供依据。     

基于贝叶斯网络的电动垂直起降航空器运行风险研究

为迎接电动垂直起降航空器的到来,降低平均无故障时间,对电动垂直起降航空器的一般运行场景和系统构成做出了分析,并从人为因素、设备因素、环境因素和其他因素中提取了可能的失效诱因;构建了失控坠地和空中碰撞的贝叶斯网络,并依据所建网络和通过不同专家得到的概率值计算控制失效情况下失控坠地和中间事件发生概率,然后进行反向推断,推演事故发生主要诱因。结果表明,电动垂直起降航空器正常运行发生事故的概率为9.648×〖10〗^(-7),其中,控制失效、飞控系统断电/故障是事故主要诱因,计算结果可为电动垂直起降航空器安全运行防控提供依据。     

基于多目标融合及改进遗传算法的终端区进场协同排序

未来我国终端区将逐年递增,根据数据显示终端区内空域资源与飞行流量的增长不成正比,终端区内流量趋于饱和。为了有效提升终端区运行的效率,确保航空器在其空域的安全飞行,降低管制员的负荷以及公司的运行成本,本文从航空器延误,管制员负荷以及各机场资源平衡三个方向建立多机场终端区航空器进场协同排序模型。首先,通过对终端区范围界定,运行主要问题的研究以及空域结构的分析了解终端区系统的相互关联因素;其次,通过对终端区进场航空器的线路、交叉点的单独分析,找到相应的共同点和影响较高的运行系统相关性因素,相关的约束以及主要的解决目标;最后利用结合模拟退火的NSGA-II算法对该模型进行求解。结果表明基于改进遗传算法对该模型求解后对比先到先服务模式以及未改进的遗传算法在效率上分别提高26.3%和53.2%。由此可见,所提出的模型能有效的提高航空器排序的效率。     

基于双层优化模型的航路交叉角度设计

航路交叉角度是影响交叉点运行安全和效率的重要因素。针对多条航路交叉于一点的航路交叉结构,同时考虑多个高度层的运行以及航空器速度的变化,依据悲观决策原则,建立了航路交叉角度设计的双层优化模型。根据下层规划特点,证明了下层规划的最优解在速度区间的边界处取得,设计遗传算法求解上层规划。最后,根据实际运行中的航空器速度区间和航空器类型比例,设计3条航路交叉的算例验证模型方法的可行性和有效性,并分析了航路流量比例和速度区间对最优交叉角度的影响。     

考虑空域高度限制的航空器飞行轨迹推算模型

飞行轨迹推算是空中交通流量管理的一个重要研究内容.本文在传统飞行轨迹推算方法基础上,针对管制空域内飞行高度受限等现实情况,构造了考虑空域高度限制的航空器飞行轨迹推算模型.该模型综合航空器飞行性能和飞行计划,对飞行轨迹进行初步推算,再分析飞越空域的高度限制,更新航空器飞行姿态,对初步结果进行修正,最后根据实时监视信息,再次修正推算结果.利用真实飞行计划进行实验,实验结果表明,本文模型能模拟出航空器阶梯爬升和提前下降状态,更接近实际飞行过程.与真实轨迹相比,本文模型推算出的高度、时间标准差比原算法减少62.77%和68.06%,并且符合实际飞行原则和空域使用规则,具有一定的参考价值和实用性.     

一种基于反向神经网络的航空器飞行轨迹预测

为了缓解终端区空域拥堵和降低航空器运行风险,提出一种基于反向神经网络(BP)的航空器飞行轨迹预测模型。首先,对航空器历史数据进行筛选和降噪处理,得到基准轨迹;其次,建立基于Hausdorff距离的轨迹相似性矩阵,采用模糊C-均值聚类(FCM)对所有轨迹进行自动分类;最后,综合考虑飞行轨迹的三维位置、速度和航向特征,利用BP神经网络对轨迹特征进行训练学习,建立飞行轨迹预测模型,用于对未来时刻的短期飞行轨迹多维特征进行预测。试验结果表明:该网络模型预测误差小、预测效果好,可以更加准确地进行航空器的飞行轨迹预测。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.